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FRL also provided a year of technical assistance. Note that the engines are vl to be able to run without any fuel boost pumps operating. A series of vent tubing and channels exists that connects all tanks to vent space in the surge tanks if present or vent overboard. A year later, there were well over 1, The ink is black the page is white together we learn to read and write, to read and write.

To allow for the expansion, the Blackbird's parts had to fit loosely when cold, so loosely, in fact, that the Blackbird constantly leaked fuel before heating expanded the airframe enough to seal its fuel tanks. Following the supersonic dash, and to stop the fuel leaks, the SR would then rendezvous with a tanker to fill its now nearly empty tanks before proceeding on its mission.

LTTR had the added advantage of providing an operational test of the Blackbird's refueling capability within minutes after takeoff, enabling a Return-To-Launch-Site abort capability if necessary. At its most efficient altitude and speed, the Blackbird was capable of flying for many hours without refueling. Normally, all the fuel aboard a tanker aircraft may be either offloaded, or burned by the tanker as necessary.

To make this possible, the KC fuel system incorporated gravity draining and pumps to allow moving fuel from tank to tank depending on mission needs. Mixing JP-7 with JP-4 or Jet A, however, rendered it unsuitable for use by the SR, so the US Air Force commissioned a specially modified KC variant, the KCQ , which included changes to the fuel system and operating procedures preventing inadvertent inflight mixing of fuel intended for offload with fuel intended for use by the tanker.

SR aircraft were refueled exclusively by KCQ tankers. The French strategic Force de dissuasion or Force de frappe strategic nuclear deterrent force uses KC tankers to refuel and extend the range of Mirage N fighter-bombers and, before their retirement, Dassault Mirage IV supersonic bombers which were sometimes planned to operate in pairs, one armed, and one carrying a buddy pack air refueling pod.

Israel has a fleet of Boeing s equipped with a boom refueling system similar to the KC, used to refuel and extend the range of fighter bombers such as the FI and FI for deterrent and strike missions.

Tankers are considered "force multipliers", because they convey considerable tactical advantages. Primarily, aerial refueling adds to the combat radius of attack, fighter and bombers aircraft, and allows patrol aircraft to remain airborne longer, thereby reducing the numbers of aircraft necessary to accomplish a given mission.

Aerial refueling can also mitigate basing issues which might otherwise place limitations on combat payload. Combat aircraft operating from airfields with shorter runways must limit their takeoff weight, which could mean a choice between range fuel and combat payload munitions. Aerial refueling, however, eliminates many of these basing difficulties because a combat aircraft can take off with a full combat payload and refuel immediately.

Aside from these issues, the psychological advantage of full fuel tanks — and a tanker likely available nearby — gives a pilot a distinct edge in combat. In most combat situations, speed is a necessity for optimal completion of the mission at hand. As high speeds require fuel, pilots must always balance fuel and speed requirements. Pilots operating aircraft with aerial refueling capability mitigate low-fuel concerns. On July 6, , the first combat air refueling of fighter-type aircraft took place over Korea.

Through in-flight refueling, the RFs effectively doubled their range, which enabled them to photograph valuable targets in North Korea. Besides extending their range, this enabled the Fs and F-4 Phantoms to carry more bombs and rockets. Tankers were also available for refueling on the way back if necessary.

In addition to ferrying aircraft across the Pacific Ocean , aerial refueling made it possible for battle-damaged fighters, with heavily leaking fuel tanks, to hook up to the tankers and let the tanker feed its engine s until the point where they could glide to the base and land. This saved numerous aircraft. This was particularly useful when a pilot returning from an airstrike was having difficulty landing and was running low on jet fuel.

This gave him fuel for more attempts at landing for a successful "trap" on an aircraft carrier. During the Falklands War , aerial refueling played a vital role in all of the successful Argentine attacks against the Royal Navy.

The Hercules on several occasions approached the islands where the Sea Harriers were in patrol to search and guide the A-4s in their returning flights. On one of those flights callsign Jaguar one of the KCs went to rescue a damaged A-4 and delivered 39, lb 18, kg of fuel while carrying it to its airfield at San Julian.

However, the Mirage IIIs and Daggers lack of air refueling capability prevented them from achieving better results. The Mirages were unable to reach the islands with a strike payload, and the Daggers could do so only for a five-minute strike flight.

These aircraft aided deployments from the UK to the Ascension Island staging post in the Atlantic and further deployments south of bomber, transport and maritime patrol aircraft.

The most famous refueling missions were the 8, nmi 15, km " Operation Black Buck " sorties which used 14 Victor tankers to allow an Avro Vulcan bomber with a flying reserve bomber to attack the Argentine-captured airfield at Port Stanley on the Falkland Islands.

With all the aircraft flying from Ascension, the tankers themselves needed refueling. The raids were the longest-range bombing raids in history until surpassed by the Boeing Bs flying from the States to bomb Iraq in the Gulf War and later B-2 flights. Aircraft stationed in Saudi Arabia normally maintained an orbit in the Saudi—Iraqi neutral zone , informally known as "Frisbee", and refueled coalition aircraft whenever necessary.

Large Navy strike groups from the Red Sea would send A-6 tankers to the Prune and Raisin tracks ahead of the strike aircraft arriving to top off and take up station to the right of the Air Force tankers thereby providing an additional tanking point. An additional track was maintained close to the northwest border for the E-3 AWACS aircraft and any Navy aircraft needing emergency fuel.

These hour air-refueling zones helped make the intense air campaign during Operation Desert Storm possible. During the last week of the conflict, KC tankers moved inside Iraq to support barrier CAP missions set up to block Iraqi fighters from escaping to Iran.

On January 16—17, , the first combat sortie of Operation Desert Storm, and the longest combat sortie in history, at that time, was launched from Barksdale AFB, Louisiana. All of this was made possible by in-flight refueling, and by the secret switch away from nuclear warheads on the ALCMs.

Besides being larger than the other tankers, the KCA is equipped with the USAF "boom" refueling and also the "hose-and-drogue" system. KCs may be equipped with a drogue depending on the mission profile. In the case of armed conflict, with a full jet fuel load, the KCA is capable of flying from a base on the east coast of the US or Canada, flying nonstop to Europe, transferring a considerable amount of fuel in air-to-air refueling, and then returning to its home base, all without landing anywhere.

This could have been very useful in the Cold War era when numerous European bases would probably have been disabled by Warsaw Pact strikes in Germany , Italy , the Netherlands , France , and the United Kingdom. On their way to the target the Iraqi attack aircraft were refueled by tanker at an altitude of meters. The attack ultimately failed, with two aircraft turning back and the remaining two shot down.

Helicopter in-flight refueling HIFR is a variation of aerial refueling when a naval helicopter approaches a warship not necessarily suited for landing operations and receives fuel through the cabin while hovering.

Alternatively, some helicopters equipped with a probe extending out the front can be refueled from a drogue-equipped tanker aircraft in a similar manner to fixed-wing aircraft by matching a high forward speed for a helicopter to a slow speed for the fixed-wing tanker. A mission modified Cessna Skyhawk with a crew of two set the world record for the longest continuous manned flight without landing of 64 days, 22 hours, 19 minutes, and five seconds in by refueling and transferring food and supplies from a convertible top Ford Thunderbird automobile.

The publicity flight for a Las Vegas area hotel ended when the aircraft's performance had degraded to the point where the Cessna had difficulty climbing away from the refueling car. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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Right now if an airliner wants to fly a really long distance eg. This, of course, makes the flight of the aircraft less efficient than it could be 1.

Thus, if the craft could theoretically carry half as much fuel, that should increase the fuel efficiency of the craft, right? Of course, landing would add a heck of a lot of time to the flight, so it seems the better option would be mid-air refueling. It would allow for the aircraft to be more efficient, without the need for stopping on a long journey. Boeing and Airbus both make a few airplanes that can do mid-air refueling , in fact one of them is a highly modified properly called a VC used as Air Force One:.

But I'm not sure what that reason is. Less fuel would mean less induced drag or, if mid-air refueling were common practice, a wing that was designed to be more efficient because it was required to handle less weight. Fuel Quantity Unlike smaller fighter jets, you would need to offload a substantial quantity of fuel.

For a B, you're looking in the range of 60 tonnes of fuel for half a tank. The boom of a KC faster than a basket can do around 3 tonnes a minute. The math comes to then 20 minutes of aerial refuelling. The KC can do perhaps tonnes, so you might squeeze out three refuelling operations from one flight. Risk This is considerably more dangerous than the very conservative safety margins aircraft normally operate within. A quick search on YouTube is enough to propose this entire thing is very dangerous.

Furthermore, you need to consider that the aircraft needs safety margin to divert should refuelling not work, which cuts into the benefits you can expect. Refuelling Area Looking at the route you proposed, the closest airfield would probably be in Alaska, at least km away.

Even if you did reroute, you'd get away from the jetstreams that aircraft over the Pacific use lying considerably further south, reducing efficiency. The same scenario applies for eastbound Atlantic flights. The receiving aircraft crew would also need special training. The airframe modifications would be complicated and require certification.

Furthermore, you would need to get everybody to agree on some common standard. Logistics Planning is difficult. Each aircraft would have to be rerouted to intercept the tanker at a certain time and place. You want to refuel them perfectly one after an other, which is almost certainly not possible. There's just not the volume of aircraft movements feasible for this, especially for the ultra-long flights where it may have the greatest benefit.

Other Landing Benefits Include changing crews and possibly offloading passengers. Applicability The number of flights where this can be practically implemented and used is very limited and for all intents and purposes, you can just land the plane itself and refuel it.

Even for the route you propose, it's around 7, km which is not a lot for a B Don't look at the fuel consumption of the airline flight in isolation. An airline would need to combine the fuel used by both the revenue-earning flight and the tanker, and then add the cost of operating it, too. Even if this could be shared by four or five revenue-earning flights, the total would still be worse.

To find out how big the fuel saving by in-air refueling is, the Breguet equation is your friend. The saving fuel equivalent to 2. Add more if the tanker needs to do even as much as to take off, let alone fly to a refueling point and wait there. And the fuel saving needs not only to pay for the tanker's fuel needs, but also for its crew, maintenance and depreciation. Aerial refueling is a great technology to make complex military scenarios possible , but is a very ressources-hungry beast.

See wayback machine here :. Here is part of the abstract from a paper describing their approach:. In this paper it will be described how the safety of air-to-air refuelling has been assessed, and how proposed new or amended regulations and acceptable means of compliance have been defined. You are commenting using your WordPress.

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Notify me of new posts via email. Skip to content. So, it seems that this hymn is actually taking place in a war zone. Kind of paints a sad image.

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