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Main article: Mainframe Computer. Main article: Minicomputer. Main article: Supercomputer. This section needs expansion with: mobile phone , cloud computing , embedded system and internet of things hardware; systems on chip more generally.

You can help by adding to it. October Main article: Computer recycling. The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new section, as appropriate. January Learn how and when to remove this template message. ISBN Archived from the original on 27 November Retrieved 5 December Archived from the original PDF on 9 August Retrieved 6 December Archived from the original on 9 June Retrieved 24 August Laptop computer".

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Bomis Logo Controversies U. Javier Serrano, an engineer at CERN's Beams Department and the founder of the Open Hardware Repository, explained: "By sharing designs openly, CERN expects to improve the quality of designs through peer review and to guarantee their users — including commercial companies — the freedom to study, modify and manufacture them, leading to better hardware and less duplication of efforts".

Following the Open Hardware Summit, and after heated debates on licenses and what constitutes open-source hardware, Bruce Perens abandoned the OSHW Definition and the concerted efforts of those involved with it. FSF's Replicant project suggested in an alternative "free hardware" definition, derived from the FSF's four freedoms.

The term hardware in open-source hardware has been historically used in opposition to the term software of open-source software. That is, to refer to the electronic hardware on which the software runs see previous section. However, as more and more non-electronic hardware products are made open source for example Wikihouse, OpenBeam or Hovalin , this term tends to be used back in its broader sense of "physical product". The field of open-source hardware has been shown to go beyond electronic hardware and to cover a larger range of product categories such as machine tools, vehicles and medical equipment.

Due to a mixture of privacy, security, and environmental concerns, a number of projects have started that aim to deliver a variety of open-source computing devices.

Several retrocomputing hobby groups have created numerous recreations or adaptations of the early home computers of the s and 80s, some of which include improved functionality and more modern components such as surface-mount ICs and SD card readers. Miniaturised recreations of vintage computers have also been created.

Electronics is one of the most popular types of open-source hardware. There are many companies that provide large varieties of open-source electronics such as Sparkfun , Adafruit and Seeed. In addition, there are NPOs and companies that provide a specific open-source electronic component such as the Arduino electronics prototyping platform.

There are many examples of specialty open-source electronics such as low-cost voltage and current GMAW open-source 3-D printer monitor [34] [35] and a robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay platform. A large range of open-source mechatronic products have been developed including mechanical components, machine tools, vehicles, musical instruments, and medical equipment. Examples of open source medical equipment include open-source ventilators , the echostethoscope echOpen and a wide range of prosthetic hands listed in the review study by Ten Kate et.

Rather than creating a new license, some open-source hardware projects use existing, free and open-source software licenses. Later, several new licenses were proposed, designed to address issues specific to hardware design. Despite superficial similarities to software licenses , most hardware licenses are fundamentally different: by nature, they typically rely more heavily on patent law than on copyright law, as many hardware designs are not copyrightable.

The Open Source Hardware Association recommends seven licenses which follow their open-source hardware definition. Organizations tend to rally around a shared license. The adjective "open-source" not only refers to a specific set of freedoms applying to a product, but also generally presupposes that the product is the object or the result of a "process that relies on the contributions of geographically dispersed developers via the Internet. One of the major differences between developing open-source software and developing open-source hardware is that hardware results in tangible outputs, which cost money to prototype and manufacture.

As a result, the phrase "free as in speech, not as in beer", [61] more formally known as Gratis versus Libre , distinguishes between the idea of zero cost and the freedom to use and modify information.

While open-source hardware faces challenges in minimizing cost and reducing financial risks for individual project developers, some community members have proposed models to address these needs [62] Given this, there are initiatives to develop sustainable community funding mechanisms, such as the Open Source Hardware Central Bank.

Extensive discussion has taken place on ways to make open-source hardware as accessible as open-source software. Providing clear and detailed product documentation is an essential factor facilitating product replication and collaboration in hardware development projects.

Practical guides have been developed to help practitioners to do so. The process of developing open-source hardware in a community-based setting is alternatively called open design , open source development [66] or open source product development.

See here for a delineation of these terms. A major contributor to the production of open-source hardware product designs is the scientific community. There has been considerable work to produce open-source hardware for scientific hardware using a combination of open-source electronics and 3-D printing.

Circuit Cellar magazine organizes some of these contests. A guide has been published Open-Source Lab book by Joshua Pearce on using open-source electronics and 3D printing to make open-source labs. Today, scientists are creating many such labs. Examples include:. Open hardware companies are experimenting with business models. For example, to accelerate development and technical innovation, the photovoltaic industry has experimented with partnerships, franchises, secondary supplier and completely open-source models.

Recently, many open-source hardware projects were funded via crowdfunding on Indiegogo or Kickstarter. Especially popular is Crowd Supply for crowdfunding open hardware projects. Richard Stallman , the founder of the free software movement, was in skeptical on the idea and relevance of free hardware his terminology for what is now known as open-source hardware.

Other authors, such as Professor Joshua Pearce have argued there is an ethical imperative for open-source hardware — specifically with respect to open-source appropriate technology for sustainable development. It has featured many examples of applications of open-source hardware for scientific purposes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Hardware from the open-design movement. Free and open-source software portal.

Free Software Foundation Inc. Science and Public Policy. Open Documentation for Hardware. OpenCON , 2—3 December Debian Announce List.

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