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jet-plane-in-french-test Afrikaans Albanian Arabic Bengali Chinese Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Greek Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latin Malay Malayalam Marathi Nepali Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Spanish Swahili Swedish Tamil Telugu Thai Turkish Ukrainian Uzbek Vietnamese Welsh.  How to say jet plane in French. French Translation. avion à réaction. More French words for jet plane. le avion à réaction noun. jet. French tree all of the planes that U have mentioned it would cost Gaijijn progremmers a lot of work and a lot of time -of course it would be great to see all these machines, but I would give priority to the aircraft  Some german crews who had test french equipment loved it. Like D or Somua S (medium tank). And some french planes. jet plane - traduction anglais-français. Forums pour discuter de jet plane, voir ses formes composées, des exemples et poser vos questions. Gratuit.  jet airplane, (US), jet aeroplane (UK), jet plane nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (aircraft). avion à réaction nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un".

It had a maximum speed over twice the speed of soundat Mach 2. First flown inConcorde entered service in and operated for 27 years. It is one of only two supersonic transports to have been operated commercially; the other is the Soviet-built Tupolev Tuwhich operated in the late s. Twenty aircraft were built, including six prototypes and development aircraft.

Air France and British Airways were the only airlines to purchase and fly Concorde. The aircraft was used mainly by wealthy passengers who could afford to pay a high price in exchange for the aircraft's speed and luxury service. With only seven airframes each being operated by the British and French, the per-unit cost was impossible to recoup, so the French and British governments absorbed the development costs.

British Airways and Air France were able to operate Concorde at a profit after purchasing their aircraft from their respective governments at a steep discount in comparison to the program's development and procurement costs. The type was retired inthree years after the crash of Air France Flightin which all passengers and crew were killed.

The general downturn in the commercial aviation industry after the September 11 attacks in and the end of maintenance support for Concorde by Airbus also contributed to the retirement. The group met for the first time in February and delivered their first report in April At the time it was known that the drag at supersonic speeds was strongly related to the span of the wing.

The team outlined a baseline configuration that looked like an enlarged Avro This same short span produced very little lift at low speed, which resulted in extremely long take-off runs and frighteningly high landing speeds. This effect had been noticed earlier, notably by Chuck Yeager in the Convair XFbut its qualities had not been fully appreciated. Weber suggested that this was no mere curiosity, and the effect could be deliberately used to improve low speed performance.

Although the delta had already been used on aircraft prior to this point, these designs used planforms that were not much different from a swept wing of the same span.

Such a layout would still have good supersonic performance inherent to the short span, while also offering reasonable take-off and landing speeds using vortex generation. Test pilot Eric Brown recalls Morgan's reaction to the presentation, saying that he immediately seized on it as the solution to the SST problem.

Brown considers this moment as being the true birth of the Concorde project. At the very first jet plane in french test, on 5 Novemberthe decision was made to fund the development of a test bed aircraft to examine the low-speed performance of the slender delta, a contract that eventually produced the Handley Page HP.

This would remain economically advantageous as long as fuel represented a small percentage of operational costs, as it did at the time. STAC suggested that two designs naturally jet plane in french test out of their work, a transatlantic model flying at about Mach 2, and a shorter-range version flying at perhaps Mach 1.

To meet this schedule, development would need to begin inwith production contracts let in Injet plane in french test study contract was awarded to Hawker Siddeley and Bristol for jet plane in french test designs based on the slender delta concept, [23] which developed as the HSA.

Armstrong Whitworth also jet plane in french test with an internal design, the M-Wing, for the lower-speed shorter-range category. Even at this early time, both the STAC group and the government were looking for partners to develop the designs.

Each of these planforms had its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of aerodynamics. As they worked with these shapes, a practical concern grew to become so important that it forced selection of one of these designs. Generally one wants to have the wing's centre of pressure CP, or "lift point" close to the aircraft's centre of gravity CG, or "balance point" to reduce the amount of control force required to pitch the aircraft. As the aircraft layout changes during the design phase, it is common for the CG to move fore or aft.

With a normal wing design this can be addressed by moving the wing slightly fore or aft to account for this. Studying the various layouts in terms of CG changes, both during design and changes due to fuel use during flight, the ogee planform immediately came to the fore. While the wing planform was evolving, so was the basic SST concept. Bristol's original Type was a small design with an almost pure slender delta wing, [25] but evolved into the larger Type To test the new wing, NASA privately assisted the team by modifying a Douglas F5D Skylancer with temporary wing modifications jet plane in french test mimic the wing selection.

In the NASA test aircraft successfully tested the wing, and found that it reduced landing speeds noticeably over the standard delta wing. NASA Ames test center also ran simulations which showed that the aircraft would suffer a sudden change in pitch when entering ground effect.

Ames test pilots later participated in a joint cooperative test with the French and British test pilots and found that the simulations had been correct, and this information was added to pilot training. By this time similar political and economic concerns in France had led to their own SST plans.

In the late s the government requested designs from both the government-owned Jet plane in french test Aviation and Nord Aviationas well as Dassault. Of the three, the Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle won the design contest with a medium-range design deliberately sized to avoid competition with transatlantic US designs they assumed were already on the drawing jet plane in french test. As soon as the design was complete, in AprilPierre Satre, the company's technical director, was sent to Bristol to discuss a partnership.

Bristol was surprised to find that the Sud team had designed a very similar aircraft after considering the SST problem and coming to the very same conclusions as the Bristol and STAC teams in terms of economics.

Sud made minor changes to the paper, and presented it as their own work. Unsurprisingly, the jet plane in french test teams found much to agree on. The French had no modern large jet engines, and had already concluded they jet plane in french test buy a British design anyway as they had on the earlier subsonic Caravelle.

This lower speed would also speed development and allow their design to fly before the Americans. The only disagreements were over the size and range. The UK team was still focused on a passenger design serving transatlantic routes, while the French were deliberately avoiding these. However, this proved not to be the barrier it might seem; common components could be used in both designs, with the shorter range version using a clipped fuselage and four engines, the longer one with a stretched fuselage and six engines, leaving jet plane in french test the wing to be extensively re-designed.

A single design emerged that differed mainly in fuel load. More powerful Bristol Siddeley Olympus engines, being developed for the TSR-2allowed either design to be powered by only four engines. The Treasury Ministry in particular presented a very negative view, suggesting that there was no way the project would have any positive financial returns for the government, especially in light that "the jet plane in french test past record of over-optimistic estimating including the recent history of the TSR.

This concern led to an independent review of the project by the Committee on Civil Scientific Research and Development, which met on topic between July and September The Committee ultimately rejected the economic arguments, including considerations of supporting the industry made by Thorneycroft.

Their report in October stated that it was unlikely there would be any direct positive economic outcome, but that the project should still be considered for the simple reason that everyone else was going supersonic, and they were concerned they would be locked out Jet Plane In French Usage of future markets. Conversely, it appeared the project would not be likely to significantly impact other, more important, research efforts.

After considerable argument, the decision to proceed ultimately fell to an unlikely political expediency. At the time, the UK was pressing for admission to the European Common Marketand this became the main rationale for moving ahead with the aircraft.

This treaty was signed jet plane in french test 29 November Both words mean agreementharmony or union. The name was officially changed to Concord by Harold Macmillan in response to a perceived slight by Charles de Gaulle. At the Jet plane in french test roll-out in Toulouse in late[36] the British Government Minister of TechnologyTony Bennannounced that he would change the spelling back to Concorde.

In his memoirs, he recounts a tale of a letter from an irate Scotsman claiming: "[Y]ou talk about 'E' for England, but part of it is made in Scotland. Concorde also acquired an unusual nomenclature for an aircraft. In common usage in the United Kingdom, the type jet plane in french test known as "Concorde" without an articlerather than " the Concorde" or " a Concorde".

Described by Flight International as an "aviation icon" and "one of aerospace's most ambitious but commercially flawed projects", [41] [42] Concorde failed to meet its original sales targets, despite initial interest from several airlines. At first, the new consortium intended to produce one long-range and one short-range version.

However, prospective customers showed no interest in the short-range version and it was dropped. Concorde had considerable difficulties that led to its dismal sales performance. The consortium received orders, i. The design work was supported by a preceding research programme studying the flight characteristics of low ratio delta wings.

A supersonic Fairey Delta 2 was modified to carry the ogee planform, and, renamed as the BACused for flight tests of the high speed flight envelope, [56] the Handley Page HP. As the flight programme progressed, embarked on a sales and demonstration tour on 4 Septemberwhich was also the first transatlantic crossing of Concorde.

While Concorde had initially held a great deal of customer interest, the project was hit by a large number of order cancellations. The Paris Le Bourget air show crash of the competing Soviet Tupolev Tu had shocked potential buyers, and public concern over the environmental issues presented by a supersonic aircraft—the sonic boomtake-off noise and pollution—had produced a shift in public opinion of SSTs.

By four nations remained as prospective buyers: Britain, France, China, and Iran. The United States government cut federal funding for the Boeingits rival supersonic transport programme, in ; Boeing did not complete its two prototypes. The US, India, and Malaysia all ruled out Concorde supersonic jet plane in french test over the noise concern, although some of these restrictions were later relaxed. Concorde is an ogival delta winged aircraft with four Olympus engines based on those employed in the RAF's Avro Vulcan strategic bomber.

It is one of the few commercial aircraft to employ a tailless design the Tupolev Tu being another. Concorde was the first airliner to have a in this case, analogue fly-by-wire jet plane in french test system; the avionics system Concorde used was unique because it was the first commercial aircraft to employ hybrid circuits. Various views were put forward on the likely type of powerplant for a supersonic transport, such as podded or buried installation and turbojet or ducted-fan engines.

Seddon of the RAE saw "a future in a more sophisticated integration of shapes" in a buried installation. Another concern highlighted the case with jet plane in french test or more engines jet plane in french test behind a single intake. An intake failure could lead to a double or triple engine failure. The advantage of the ducted fan over the turbojet was reduced airport noise but with considerable economic penalties with its larger cross-section producing excessive drag.

The powerplant configuration selected for Concorde, and its development to a certificated design, can be seen in light of the above symposium topics which highlighted airfield noise, boundary layer management and interactions between adjacent engines and the requirement that the powerplant, at Mach 2, tolerate combinations of pushovers, sideslips, pull-ups and throttle slamming without surging.

Rolls-Royce had a design proposal, the RB. Great confidence was placed in being able to reduce the noise of a turbojet and massive strides by SNECMA in silencer design were reported during the programme.

Situated behind the leading edge of the wing the engine intake had wing boundary Jet Planes Fly In Which Layer Of The Atmosphere Test layer ahead of it. Two-thirds was diverted and the remaining third which entered the intake did not adversely affect the intake efficiency [91] : p. Extensive wind tunnel testing helped define leading edge modifications ahead of the intakes which solved the problem. Each engine had its own intake and the engine nacelles were paired with a splitter plate between them to minimise adverse behaviour of one powerplant influencing the other.

Only above Mach 1. Concorde needed to fly long distances to be economically viable; this required high efficiency from the powerplant. Jet plane in french test engines were rejected due to their larger cross-section producing excessive drag. Olympus turbojet technology was available to be developed to meet the design requirements of the aircraft, although turbofans would be studied for any future SST.

NASA Ames test center also ran simulations which showed that the aircraft would suffer a sudden change in pitch when entering ground effect. Ames test pilots later participated in a joint cooperative test with the French and British test pilots and found that the simulations had been correct, and this information was added to pilot www.- cturer: BAC (later BAe and BAE Systems), . The French for jet plane is avion à réaction. Find more French words at www.- ! Jul 22,  · The tests take place in a concrete building large enough to enclose an entire jet engine. With the engine operating at full speed, the cannon uses compressed air to .

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