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letter-j-in-mathematics-competition Main article: Foreign relations of China. However many of these loans made letter j in mathematics competition the Belt and Road program are unsustainable and China has faced a number of calls for debt relief from debtor nations. By the time their use became conventional and obligatory in Greek writing, in late antiquity, pitch competifion was evolving into a single stress accentand thus the three signs have not corresponded to a phonological distinction in actual speech ever since. Taylor, Martin Encyclopaedia competitiin Mathematical Sciences.

The Chinese space program is one of the world's most active. In , China launched its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong I , becoming the fifth country to do so independently. In , China's first space station module, Tiangong-1 , was launched, marking the first step in a project to assemble a large crewed station by the early s.

China is the largest telecom market in the world and currently has the largest number of active cellphones of any country in the world, with over 1. China Telecom alone served more than million broadband subscribers and million mobile users; China Unicom had about million subscribers; and China Mobile, the biggest of them all, had million users, as of China has developed its own satellite navigation system, dubbed Beidou , which began offering commercial navigation services across Asia in [] as well as global services by the end of Since the late s, China's national road network has been significantly expanded through the creation of a network of national highways and expressways.

In , China's highways had reached a total length of , km 88, mi , making it the longest highway system in the world. China's railways , which are state-owned , are among the busiest in the world , handling a quarter of the world's rail traffic volume on only 6 percent of the world's tracks in China's high-speed rail HSR system started construction in the early s.

By the end of , high speed rail in China had over 35, kilometers 21, miles of dedicated lines alone, making it the longest HSR network in the world. With an annual ridership of over 2. Since , the growth of rapid transit systems in Chinese cities has accelerated. There were approximately airports in , with around planned by China has over 2, river and seaports , about of which are open to foreign shipping. Water supply and sanitation infrastructure in China is facing challenges such as rapid urbanization, as well as water scarcity, contamination, and pollution.

The national census of recorded the population of the People's Republic of China as approximately 1,,, About Given concerns about population growth, China implemented a two-child limit during the s, and, in , began to advocate for an even stricter limit of one child per family. Beginning in the mid s, however, given the unpopularity of the strict limits, China began to allow some major exemptions, particularly in rural areas, resulting in what was actually a "1. The next major loosening of the policy was enacted in December , allowing families to have two children if one parent is an only child.

According to one group of scholars, one-child limits had little effect on population growth [] or the size of the total population. Their own counterfactual model of fertility decline without such restrictions implies that China averted more than million births between and , a number which may reach one billion by given all the lost descendants of births averted during the era of fertility restrictions, with one-child restrictions accounting for the great bulk of that reduction.

The policy, along with traditional preference for boys, may have contributed to an imbalance in the sex ratio at birth. China legally recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, who altogether comprise the Zhonghua Minzu.

There are as many as living languages in China. Korean is spoken natively along the border with North Korea. Sarikoli , the language of Tajiks in western Xinjiang , is an Indo-European language. Taiwanese aborigines , including a small population on the mainland, speak Austronesian languages. Standard Mandarin , a variety of Mandarin based on the Beijing dialect , is the official national language of China and is used as a lingua franca in the country between people of different linguistic backgrounds.

Chinese characters have been used as the written script for the Sinitic languages for thousands of years. They allow speakers of mutually unintelligible Chinese varieties to communicate with each other through writing.

In , the government introduced simplified characters , which have supplanted the older traditional characters in mainland China. Chinese characters are romanized using the Pinyin system. Tibetan uses an alphabet based on an Indic script. Uyghur is most commonly written in Persian alphabet -based Uyghur Arabic alphabet. The Mongolian script used in China and the Manchu script are both derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet.

Zhuang uses both an official Latin alphabet script and a traditional Chinese character script. China has urbanized significantly in recent decades. China has over cities with a population of over one million, [] including the 10 megacities [] cities with a population of over 10 million of Chongqing , Shanghai , Beijing , Chengdu , Harbin , Guangzhou , Tianjin , Shenzhen , Wuhan , Shijiazhuang and Suzhou.

The large " floating populations " of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult; [] the figures below include only long-term residents. Since , compulsory education in China comprises primary and junior secondary school , which together last for nine years. In , 27 percent of secondary school graduates are enrolled in higher education.

In February , the government pledged to provide completely free nine-year education, including textbooks and fees. In , around As of , China had the world's second-highest number of top universities.

The National Health and Family Planning Commission , together with its counterparts in the local commissions, oversees the health needs of the Chinese population. At that time, the Communist Party started the Patriotic Health Campaign , which was aimed at improving sanitation and hygiene, as well as treating and preventing several diseases.

Diseases such as cholera , typhoid and scarlet fever , which were previously rife in China, were nearly eradicated by the campaign. Healthcare in China became mostly privatized, and experienced a significant rise in quality. As of [update] , the average life expectancy at birth in China is 76 years, [] and the infant mortality rate is 7 per thousand.

The government of the People's Republic of China officially espouses state atheism , [] and has conducted antireligious campaigns to this end. Over the millennia, Chinese civilization has been influenced by various religious movements. The " three teachings ", including Confucianism , Taoism , and Buddhism Chinese Buddhism , historically have a significant role in shaping Chinese culture, [] [] enriching a theological and spiritual framework which harks back to the early Shang and Zhou dynasty.

China is home to many of the world's tallest religious statues , including the tallest of all, the Spring Temple Buddha in Henan. Clear data on religious affiliation in China is difficult to gather due to varying definitions of "religion" and the unorganized, diffusive nature of Chinese religious traditions. Scholars note that in China there is no clear boundary between three teachings religions and local folk religious practice.

Significant faiths specifically connected to certain ethnic groups include Tibetan Buddhism and the Islamic religion of the Hui , Uyghur , Kazakh , Kyrgyz and other peoples in Northwest China. Since ancient times , Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. For much of the country's dynastic era, opportunities for social advancement could be provided by high performance in the prestigious imperial examinations , which have their origins in the Han dynasty.

Chinese culture has long emphasized a sense of deep history and a largely inward-looking national perspective. The first leaders of the People's Republic of China were born into the traditional imperial order, but were influenced by the May Fourth Movement and reformist ideals. They sought to change some traditional aspects of Chinese culture, such as rural land tenure, sexism , and the Confucian system of education, while preserving others, such as the family structure and culture of obedience to the state.

Some observers see the period following the establishment of the PRC in as a continuation of traditional Chinese dynastic history, while others claim that the Communist Party's rule has damaged the foundations of Chinese culture, especially through political movements such as the Cultural Revolution of the s, where many aspects of traditional culture were destroyed, having been denounced as "regressive and harmful" or "vestiges of feudalism ".

Many important aspects of traditional Chinese morals and culture, such as Confucianism, art, literature, and performing arts like Peking opera , [] were altered to conform to government policies and propaganda at the time. Access to foreign media remains heavily restricted.

Today, the Chinese government has accepted numerous elements of traditional Chinese culture as being integral to Chinese society. With the rise of Chinese nationalism and the end of the Cultural Revolution, various forms of traditional Chinese art, literature, music, film, fashion and architecture have seen a vigorous revival, [] [] and folk and variety art in particular have sparked interest nationally and even worldwide.

China received It is forecast by Euromonitor International that China will become the world's most popular destination for tourists by Chinese literature is based on the literature of the Zhou dynasty.

Li Bai and Du Fu opened the forking ways for the poetic circles through romanticism and realism respectively. In the wake of the New Culture Movement after the end of the Qing dynasty, Chinese literature embarked on a new era with written vernacular Chinese for ordinary citizens. Hu Shih and Lu Xun were pioneers in modern literature. Mo Yan , a xungen literature author, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in Chinese cuisine is highly diverse, drawing on several millennia of culinary history and geographical variety, in which the most influential are known as the "Eight Major Cuisines", including Sichuan , Cantonese , Jiangsu , Shandong , Fujian , Hunan , Anhui , and Zhejiang cuisines.

The diet of the common people in pre-modern times was largely grain and simple vegetables, with meat reserved for special occasions. And the bean products, such as tofu and soy milk , remain as a popular source of protein.

Southern cuisine, due to the area's proximity to the ocean and milder climate, has a wide variety of seafood and vegetables; it differs in many respects from the wheat-based diets across dry northern China. Numerous offshoots of Chinese food, such as Hong Kong cuisine and American Chinese food , have emerged in the nations that play host to the Chinese diaspora.

Chinese music covers a highly diverse range of music from the traditional music to the modern music. Chinese music dates back before the pre-imperial times. Traditional Chinese opera is a form of musical theatre in China originating thousands of years and has regional style forms such as Beijing opera and Cantonese opera. Chinese rap , Chinese hip hop and Hong Kong hip hop have become popular in contemporary times.

Cinema was first introduced to China in and the first Chinese film, Dingjun Mountain , was released in Hanfu is the historical clothing of the Han people in China. The qipao or cheongsam is a popular Chinese female dress. China has one of the oldest sporting cultures in the world.

Physical fitness is widely emphasized in Chinese culture, with morning exercises such as qigong and t'ai chi ch'uan widely practiced, [] and commercial gyms and private fitness clubs are gaining popularity across the country.

China has participated in the Olympic Games since , although it has only participated as the PRC since China hosted the Summer Olympics in Beijing, where its athletes received 51 gold medals — the highest number of gold medals of any participating nation that year.

Beijing and its nearby city Zhangjiakou of Hebei province will also collaboratively host the Olympic Winter Games , which will make Beijing the first city in the world to hold both the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.

United Nations Statistics Division 's figure for the United States is 9,, km 2 3,, sq mi and China is 9,, km 2 3,, sq mi. These closely match the CIA World Factbook figures and similarly include coastal and territorial waters for the United States, but exclude coastal and territorial waters for China. Further explanation of disputed ranking: The dispute for world's third-largest country arose from the inclusion of coastal and territorial waters for the United States.

However, in the edition, the U. And then again in , U. During this time, China's total area remained unchanged. In other words, no coastal or territorial water area was added to China's total area figure. The United States has a coastal water area of , km 2 42, sq mi , and a territorial water area of , km 2 75, sq mi , for a total of , km 2 , sq mi of additional water space. Adding this figure to the U. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Country in East Asia.

For the Republic of China, see Taiwan. For other uses, see China disambiguation and PRC disambiguation. National Emblem. Land controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; land claimed but uncontrolled shown in light green.

Mongolian Uyghur Tibetan Zhuang various others. Create the Path to Student Success Flexibility at Every Step Build student confidence, problem-solving and critical-thinking skills by customizing the learning experience.

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