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The Folland Gnat is a British compact swept-wing subsonic fighter aircraft that was developed and produced by Folland Aircraft. Envisioned as an affordable light fighter in contrast to the rising cost and size of typical combat aircraft, it was procured as a trainer aircraft for the Royal Air Force RAF as well as by export customers, who used the Gnat in both combat and training capacities. Designed by W. Petter , the Gnat has its origins in the preceding private venture Folland Midge.

The issuing of Operational Requirement OR. Its design allowed for its construction and maintenance tasks to be carried out without specialised tools, making it suitable for use in countries that had not yet become highly industrialised. The Gnat F. The Indian Air Force became the largest operator and eventually manufactured the aircraft under licence. Impressed by its performance during combat, India proceeded to develop the improved HAL Ajeet , a modified variant of the Gnat.

In October , W. Petter examined the prospects for producing a more affordable but capable "light fighter", including a survey of available modern engines to power the type. Work to develop the Gnat went ahead, irrespective of any external orders or financing; there was no funding provided to support the type's early development from any British government department, such as the Ministry of Supply.

Petter believed that a compact and simplified fighter would offer the advantages of low purchase and operational costs, and that the Gnat should be capable of being manufactured both cheaply and easily. However, development of the Saturn was cancelled; in its place, the more capable but not immediately available Bristol Orpheus turbojet engine was adopted instead.

In order that the project would not be delayed before reaching the prototype stage, Petter's unarmed proof-of-concept demonstrator for the Gnat was instead powered by the less powerful Armstrong Siddeley Viper turbojet engine, capable of generating 1, lbf 7. On 11 August , the Midge performed its maiden flight , piloted by Folland's chief test pilot Edward Tennant.

On 20 September , the Midge was destroyed in a crash, which had possibly been due to human error. The Midge, partly due to its nature as a private venture, had only a short lifespan, however had served as a proof-of-concept demonstrator for the subsequent aircraft.

It had failed to interest the RAF as a combat aircraft at that time, but officers did issue encouragement of the development of a similar aircraft for training purposes. Subsequently, six further aircraft were ordered by the British Ministry of Supply for evaluation purposes. Although the evaluation by the British brought no orders for the lightweight fighter, orders were placed by Finland and Yugoslavia. India placed a large order for the type, which included a licence for production by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited HAL.

Although RAF interest in the possibilities for using the Gnat as a fighter had waned, Folland identified a potential use for the type as a trainer aircraft. Accordingly, the aircraft was modified to conform with the requirements of Specification T. Folland proposed the two-seat Fo. The Jet Planes Wales Llc trainer model featured several changes, including the adoption of a new wing with additional fuel capacity, which in turn allowed for more internal space within the fuselage to be allocated for additional equipment.

A more powerful variant of the Orpheus engine was also used, while the length of the forward fuselage area was increased, and the tail surfaces were enlarged. The inboard ailerons of the fighter variant were reconfigured to an arrangement of outboard ailerons and conventional flaps. On 7 January , an initial contract for 14 pre-production Gnat trainers was issued.

On 31 August , the prototype Gnat Trainer conducted its maiden flight from Chilbolton airfield , Hampshire. Following the take over of Folland by Hawker Siddeley Aviation becoming the Hamble division , further orders for 30, 20 and 41 trainers were Do Jet2 Planes Have Entertainment placed between February and March , receiving the designation Gnat T Mk.

Folland sought to develop more capable versions of the Gnat; one of the more substantial of these proposals was tentatively designated as the Gnat Mk. In , Maurice Brennan joined Folland as its chief engineer and director. Hawker Siddeley wanted to use his knowledge of variable-geometry wings in future designs. The design used a unique mechanism to sweep the wings; this mechanism used a combination of tracks positioned on the fuselage sides, the centerline, and on the underside of the wings, and was actuated by hydraulically -driven ball screws positioned at the inner ends of the wings.

Auto- stabilisation was also to be used. By providing trimming with the canard, a large tailplane was not needed, Jet Planes Wales Usa as would have been on designs without a canard configuration. The Fo. According to aviation author Derek Wood, the Fo. The Folland Gnat was a purpose-built light fighter aircraft, suitable as both a trainer and a combat aircraft in ground-attack and day-fighter roles. According to Folland, the Gnat offered advantages over conventional fighter aircraft in terms of cost, man-hours, handling, serviceability, and portability.

The Gnat design used a conventional metal stressed-skin structure, with extensive flush- rivetting. The airframe could be constructed using simple jigs without any specialised skills or tooling.

The Finnish Air Force received the first of its 13 Gnats 11 fighters and 2 photo-reconnaissance planes on 30 July It was soon found to be a problematic aircraft in service and required a lot of ground maintenance. In early a licence agreement was reached to allow Valmet to build the Gnat at Tampere in Finland, [22] although, in the end, none were built.

Gnat F. Finland was the first operational user of Gnat F. All Gnats were grounded for half a year on 26 August after the destruction of GN due to a technical design error in its hydraulic system, and the aircraft soon became the subject of severe criticism. Three other aircraft were also destroyed in other accidents, with two pilots ejecting and one being killed.

Once the initial problems were ironed out, the plane proved to be extremely manouevreable and had good performance in the air, but also to be very maintenance intensive. The availability of spare parts was always an issue, and its maintenance a challenge to the conscript mechanics.

GN and its usual nickname Nutikka "Stubby". Several Finnish Gnat F. One airframe, GN, is in private ownership. The first 13 aircraft for the Indian Air Force IAF were assembled at Hamble-le-Rice , they were followed by partly completed aircraft and then sub-assemblies as Hindustan Aircraft slowly took over first assembly, and then production of the aircraft. The first Gnat squadron was the No. The first aircraft built from Indian-built parts first flew in May The last Indian-built Gnat F.

The Gnat is credited by many independent and Indian sources as having shot down seven Pakistani Canadair Sabres [b] in the war. Based in Alicante, Spain. Be in the know. Mark Finlay Journalist - Mark is an experienced travel journalist having published work in the industry for more than seven years. Daily Aviation News Email Sign up to our daily aviation news digest.

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