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jet-planes-fly-in-which-layer-set A jet aircraft (or simply jet) is an aircraft (nearly always a fixed-wing aircraft) propelled by jet engines. Whereas the engines in propeller-powered aircraft generally achieve their maximum efficiency at much lower speeds and altitudes, jet engines achieve maximum efficiency at speeds close to or even well above the speed of sound. Jet aircraft generally cruise most efficiently at about Mach ( km/h ( mph)) and at altitudes around 10,–15, m (33,–49, ft) or more. Military jet aircrafts, generally fly at altitudes of – feet or more. That is, they fly in the middle of the Stratosphere or in the Ozone Layer. Examples include the famous Lockheed SR Blackbird which flew at altitudes of feet, with a record altitude of more than feet.  Today's commercial jets fly in the stratosphere. The stratosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. It is the second layer of the atmosphere as you go upward.  The altitude at which an airplane is made to fly depends upon the type of plane and so varies accordingly but in a general view, most of the commercial aircraft are made to fly in Stratosphere (that ranges from around 10 to 50 kms above sea level) but not the whole stratosphere is used because there exists Ozone layer also at around The sector operates business jets, rotorcraft, piston and jet-engined fixed-wing aircraft, gliders of all descriptions, and lighter than air craft. In differential geometry, a geodesic is a generalization of the notion of a line to curved spaces. A plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely far. Planes are used in every area of geometry. In a heated atmosphere, Kala is the only person in the village with a gun and his rifle allows him to bargain with both men and offers himself as a gun-for-hire to the highest bidder, while pursuing his own quest for knowledge and vengean. In addition, a clearance typically provides a heading or route to follow, altitude, and communication parameters, such as frequencies and transponder codes. And in the lower Jet Planes Fly In Which Layer Co stratosphere, where the ozone destruction is concentrated, this figure may rise to 60 per cent. We mainly find the ozone layer in the lower parts of the stratosphere, although this varies depending on the geographical location. The temperatures in the stratosphere are inverse to those in jet planes fly in which layer set troposphere, meaning they rise with flt. ATC monitors IFR flights on radaror through aircraft position reports in areas where radar coverage is not available.

This is known as operating the aircraft under visual flight rules VFR , and is the most common mode of operation for small aircraft. However, it is safe to fly VFR only when these outside references can be clearly seen from a sufficient distance; when flying through or above clouds, or in fog, rain, dust or similar low-level weather conditions, these references can be obscured.

Thus, cloud ceiling and flight visibility are the most important variables for safe operations during all phases of flight. However, typical daytime VFR minimums for most airspace is 3 statute miles of flight visibility and a distance from clouds of feet below, 1, feet above, and 2, feet horizontally. VFR pilots may use cockpit instruments as secondary aids to navigation and orientation, but are not required to; the view outside of the aircraft is the primary source for keeping the aircraft straight and level orientation , flying to the intended destination navigation , and avoiding obstacles and hazards separation.

Visual flight rules are generally simpler than instrument flight rules, and require significantly less training and practice. VFR provides a great degree of freedom, allowing pilots to go where they want, when they want, and allows them a much wider latitude in determining how they get there.

When operation of an aircraft under VFR is not safe, because the visual cues outside the aircraft are obscured by weather, instrument flight rules must be used instead.

IFR permits an aircraft to operate in instrument meteorological conditions IMC , which is essentially any weather condition less than VMC but in which aircraft can still operate safely. Use of instrument flight rules is also required when flying in "Class A" airspace regardless of weather conditions. Class A airspace extends from 18, feet above mean sea level to flight level 60, feet pressure altitude above the contiguous 48 United States and overlying the waters within 12 miles thereof.

In many countries commercial airliners and their pilots must operate under IFR as the majority of flights enter Class A airspace. Instrument pilots must meticulously evaluate weather, create a detailed flight plan based around specific instrument departure, en route, and arrival procedures, and dispatch the flight.

The distance by which an aircraft avoids obstacles or other aircraft is termed separation. The most important concept of IFR flying is that separation is maintained regardless of weather conditions. In controlled airspace , air traffic control ATC separates IFR aircraft from obstacles and other aircraft using a flight clearance based on route, time, distance, speed, and altitude.

ATC monitors IFR flights on radar , or through aircraft position reports in areas where radar coverage is not available. Aircraft position reports are sent as voice radio transmissions. In the United States, a flight operating under IFR is required to provide position reports unless ATC advises a pilot that the plane is in radar contact.

The pilot must resume position reports after ATC advises that radar contact has been lost, or that radar services are terminated. A clearance always specifies a clearance limit , which is the farthest the aircraft can fly without a new clearance.

In addition, a clearance typically provides a heading or route to follow, altitude, and communication parameters, such as frequencies and transponder codes.

In uncontrolled airspace, ATC clearances are unavailable. In some states a form of separation is provided to certain aircraft in uncontrolled airspace as far as is practical often known under ICAO as an advisory service in class G airspace , but separation is not mandated nor widely provided.

Despite the protection offered by flight in controlled airspace under IFR, the ultimate responsibility for the safety of the aircraft rests with the pilot in command, who can refuse clearances. While current and forecast weather may be a factor in deciding which type of flight plan to file, weather conditions themselves do not affect one's filed flight plan. For example, an IFR flight that encounters visual meteorological conditions VMC en route does not automatically change to a VFR flight, and the flight must still follow all IFR procedures regardless of weather conditions.

To operate safely in IMC "actual instrument conditions" , a pilot controls the aircraft relying on flight instruments and ATC provides separation. Anytime a flight is operating in VMC and in a volume of airspace in which VFR traffic can operate, the crew is responsible for seeing and avoiding VFR traffic; however, because the flight is conducted under instrument flight rules, ATC still provides separation services from other IFR traffic, and can in many cases also advise the crew of the location of VFR traffic near the flight path.

Continued VFR flight into IMC can lead to spatial disorientation of the pilot which is the cause of a significant number of general aviation crashes. Also possible in many countries is "Special VFR" flight, where an aircraft is explicitly granted permission to operate VFR within the controlled airspace of an airport in conditions technically less than VMC; the pilot asserts they have the necessary visibility to fly despite the weather, must stay in contact with ATC, and cannot leave controlled airspace while still below VMC minimums.

During flight under IFR, there are no visibility requirements, so flying through clouds or other conditions where there is zero visibility outside the aircraft is legal and safe. However, there are still minimum weather conditions that must be present in order for the aircraft to take off or to land; these vary according to the kind of operation, the type of navigation aids available, the location and height of terrain and obstructions in the vicinity of the airport, equipment on the aircraft, and the qualifications of the crew.

For example, Reno-Tahoe International Airport KRNO in a mountainous region has significantly different instrument approaches for aircraft landing on the same runway surface, but from opposite directions.

Aircraft approaching from the north must make visual contact with the airport at a higher altitude than when approaching from the south because of rapidly rising terrain south of the airport.

In general, each specific instrument approach specifies the minimum weather conditions to permit landing. Although large airliners, and increasingly, smaller aircraft, carry their own terrain awareness and warning system TAWS , [14] these are primarily backup systems providing a last layer of defense if a sequence of errors or omissions causes a dangerous situation.

Because IFR flights often take place without visual reference to the ground, a means of navigation other than looking outside the window is required.

Air traffic control may assist in navigation by assigning pilots specific headings "radar vectors". The majority of IFR navigation is given by ground- and satellite-based systems, while radar vectors are usually reserved by ATC for sequencing aircraft for a busy approach or transitioning aircraft from takeoff to cruise, among other things.

Specific procedures allow IFR aircraft to transition safely through every stage of flight. These procedures specify how an IFR pilot should respond, even in the event of a complete radio failure, and loss of communications with ATC, including the expected aircraft course and altitude.

The departure clearance may contain an assigned heading, one or more waypoints, and an initial altitude to fly. The clearance can also specify a departure procedure DP or standard instrument departure SID that should be followed unless "NO DP" is specified in the notes section of the filed flight plan.

En route flight is described by IFR charts showing navigation aids, fixes, and standard routes called airways. Aircraft with appropriate navigational equipment such as GPS, are also often cleared for a direct-to routing, where only the destination, or a few navigational waypoints are used to describe the route that the flight will follow.

ATC will assign altitudes in its initial clearance or amendments thereto, and navigational charts indicate minimum safe altitudes for airways.

The approach portion of an IFR flight may begin with a standard terminal arrival route STAR , describing common routes to fly to arrive at an initial approach fix IAF from which an instrument approach commences.

An instrument approach terminates either by the pilot acquiring sufficient visual reference to proceed to the runway, or with a missed approach because the required visual reference is not seen in time. To fly under IFR, a pilot must have an instrument rating and must be current meet recency of experience requirements. In the United States, to file and fly under IFR, a pilot must be instrument-rated and, within the preceding six months, have flown six instrument approaches , as well as holding procedures and course interception and tracking with navaids.

Planes fly in the second layer of the atmosphere called the stratosphere. This layer is placed above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. The layer got its name because it is stratified in temperature. This means that the warmer layers are higher up while the colder layers are closer to our planet.

The reason the temperature increases with height is because of the ozone layer. This makes the stratosphere opposite of the troposphere, the layer where humans live. In that layer, the temperature decreases the higher we go. The stratosphere is separated from the troposphere by a layer called the tropopause. This is the place where the temperature inversion starts to happen. The height of the stratosphere changes depending on the part of the planet.

It can be 66, feet high near the equator, but it gets significantly lower when we approach the poles. There, the stratosphere begins at heights of just 23, feet. The temperatures in the stratosphere vary greatly but are always much colder than the surface of our planet. However, the temperatures in this layer are known to vary greatly depending on the season we are in.

During the winter, they can get extremely low. The winds blowing in the stratosphere are much stronger than those in the troposphere. They can reach speeds of up to miles per hour. The stratosphere is the layer of the atmosphere where we can find the ozone layer.

The ozone layer forms when molecular oxygen absorbs the extremely high amounts of energy coming from the Sun.

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