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Module 7. This is a wooden scale used for measuring and setting out dimensions. It consists of four pieces each 15 cm long hinged at the ends to make folding.
When opened out its total length is 60 worksyop. The straight edge is a machined flat piece of wood or metal used for testing the trueness of surfaces. Try squares are used for a variety of purposes like measuring and setting out dimensions, testing flatness, drawing parallel lines at right angles to a plane surface and checking square ness of two adjacent surfaces.
A try square consists of a steel blade with a wooden or cast iron stock. Sizes vary from to mm according to the length of the blade. The blade is graduated to serve as a scale. Gauges are very important carpentry tools used for marking and for cutting.
A gauge essentially consists of a small square or rectangular wooden stem sliding in a wooden stock. The stem carries one or more steel marking points or a cutting knife. The gauge is then held firmly against a planed surface and pushed along to get the required markings. The three commonly used gauges are marking gauge, mortise gauge and cutting gauge. The marking gauge has one marking point. It gives an accurate cut line parallel to a wood workshop practice pdf levels edge, usually along the grain.
The mortise gauge has two marking points one fixed near the end of the stem and the other attached to a sliding bar. The two teeth wood workshop practice pdf levels przctice parallel lines, called mortise lines needed for joints etc.
All the saws used in wood working essentially consist of two main parts-the blade and the handle. The blade carries the cutting teeth and is made of steel. The handle is made of wood and is used for holding the blade and applying pressure. The teeth of the saw are given worjshop set to prevent the saw from binding during the sawing operation. The saws are classified as push cut saws or wood workshop practice pdf levels cut saws depending upon whether they cut in Wood Workshop Practice Pdf 64 the forward stroke or in the return stroke.
Push cut saws are in more common use than pull cut saws. Saws are generally specified by the length of the blade measured along the toothed edge and pitch of teeth expressed in millimeters.
The common types of saws used in wood working are the following:. Rip Saw: Rip saws are used for cutting along the grains in thick wood workshop practice pdf levels. The blade is about to mm wide near the handle and about 60 to mm near the tip.
The cutting action peactice from near the tip and gradually the whole length is involved. The length of the blade is about mm and the tooth wood workshop practice pdf levels 5 to 8 mm. A large variety of chisels is wood workshop practice pdf levels in carpentry work for removing wood varying from very fine shavings removed by hand pressure to thick sections removed with the help of a mallet.
Chisels have forged pdt blades fitted into wooden handles and are specified by the shape and width of the blade. The four common types of chisels are following. Firmer Chisel : Wood workshop practice pdf levels chisel has a flat blade about to mm workshkp and 3 to 5 mm thick. It is the most general purpose chisel.
It is used by hand pressure or mallet depending on the amount of material to be removed. Width varies from 3 to 50 mm. Bevelled Edge Firmer Chisel : Also known as dovetail chisel this type of chisel has beveled edges as shown. The beveling of the edges reduces the thickness of the chisel at the sides enabling it to enter sharp corners and finish them.
This chisel is used for fine and delicate wood workshop practice pdf levels. Paring Chisel : Firmer and beveled edge firmer chisels when made with long thin blade are known as paring chisels. Lecels chisels are generally manipulated by hand and are 5 to 50 mm wood workshop practice pdf levels and to mm long.
The axe consists of a steel head and a wooden handle. It is used for removing the back etc. In the past all planes were made out of high quality wood but metal planes have now replaced wooden planes. As compared to wooden planes metal planes are more efficient, can be used with wood workshop practice pdf levels control, can be easily adjusted and give better finish.
The planes more commonly used include the following:. Levesl jack plane is the first plane used on timber for trueing it. It consists of a block of wood or stock into which the blade is fixed with a wooden wedge. The bottom face of the stock called sole is made perfectly smooth and level. Wirkshop blade made of high carbon steel is woos at 45 degrees to the sole and is held in position by atapered wooden wedge. Another blade is fixed on the cutting block between the blade and the wedge.
This does not do any cutting but only supports the cutting blade and prevents shattering. It also helps in breaking the shavings as they are produced by making them curl. Jack planes are wlrkshop mm long with blades 50 to 75 mm wood workshop practice pdf levels. Metal Jack Plane. Metal jack planes serve the same purpose as wooden jack planes but facilitate a smoother operation and better finish. The body of a metal plane is made from a gray iron casting with the sides and sole machines and ground wood workshop practice pdf levels a bright finish.
The thickness of the shaving removed is governed by a fine screw adjustment and a lateral adjustment lever is used for adjusting the blade at right angles. Other planes:. Boring tools are needed frequently for making round holes in wood. They are selected according to the type and purpose of the hole. Spring woov Spring bit is used for drilling holes not larger than 5 mm in diameter. It maybe driven wood workshop practice pdf levels by a hammer or with an oscillatory motion of the hand.
It is chiefly used for making lead-holes for large nails or screws. Brace : Used for holding and turning bit for boring holes. It may be a ratchet or wheel brace type. Auger: Auger is a long steel bar with a fluted body for half of its length and an eye at the top through which a handle can be fitted for turning the auger. A small screw is pd at the bottom of the auger to serve as a pilot in starting a hole. The anger is operated leveels holding the handle in both hands and rotating while simultaneously pressing downwards.
Augers are chiefly used for rough structural work and are available in various sizes up to 25 mm diameter. Small auger bits are also available for use with braces. Gimlet : A gimlet is a smaller wood workshop practice pdf levels of auger and is used for producing small holes. It is operated in the same way as the auger. Auger Bit : An auger bit as mentioned earlier is a small auger. It has a screw point and a helical or twisted stem. This bit produces long, clean and accurate holes from 6 to 35 mm diameter a longor across the grains.
Since the whole body of the bit is fluted, removal of shavings is easier and as such this bit is extremely useful for drilling deep holes. Counter sink Bit : This bit is used for making conical depressions to receive screws etc.
This wood workshop practice pdf levels is also known as arose bit. Striking or impelling tools are used for driving chisels and nails into the wood and for assembly work. The two types of striking tools used for wood-working are i mallet and ii hammer. Mallet: A mallet is a small wooden hammer of round or rectangular cross section. It is made of hard wood. A mallet is used to give light blows to the cutting tools with wooden heads such as chisels and gouges.
Hammers: Twotypes of hammers are normally used in wood working: cross peen hammer and theclaw hammer. The cross peen hammer is used for light bench work. It has caststeel head with the face and peen being tempered. The handle is made of eitherwood or bamboo. These hammers are specified by size number and range from gm. The claw hammer in addition tobeing used as a hammer, can also be usedfor pulling out bent nails and for this reason it is preferred by the woodworkers.
These hammers are available in four sizes weighing, and gm. Holding andSupporting Tools:. For accurate work the worksnop must be properly held and supportedagainst the forces being applied to cut or shape it. The commonly used tools inthis category include the following:. The work bench is a heavy rigid table made of hard wood. It isusually 3 to 3. A double bench is3. Racks may be provided inthe table for storing tools, finished jobs and other equipment.
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