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whittling-3000 Salamanders and other amphibians contribute greatly to nutrient cycling through wuittling consumption of small life forms on the forest floor and in aquatic habitats. Retrieved April 4, Post Whittling 中文 3000 that existed along railroad lines and at various military posts have their own special historical aspect. Postal entities Postal museums Postal services Postal systems by country Trade unions. They once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before experiencing natural erosion. During the middle Ordovician Period about — million years agoa change in plate motions set the stage for whittling 中文 3000 first Paleozoic mountain-building event Taconic orogeny in North America.

He was notable not only as an avid collector in his own right with a collection estimated at around 1 million stamps , but also for taking an interest in the stamp issues of the Department, working closely with Postmaster James Farley , the former Democratic Party Committee Chairman. Many designs of the s were inspired or altered according to Roosevelt's advice. In —10, the National Postal Museum exhibited six Roosevelt sketches that were developed into stamp issues: the 6-cent eagle airmail stamp and five miscellaneous commemoratives, which honored the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, the Mothers of America, Susan B.

Anthony, Virginia Dare and the Northwest Territories' rise to statehood. A steady stream of commemoratives appeared during these years, including a striking issue of ten stamps presenting iconic vistas of ten National Parks—a set that has remained widely beloved. In a memorable sequence from Philip Roth 's novel The Plot Against America , the young protagonist dreams that his National Parks stamps, the pride and joy of his collection, have become disfigured with swastika overprints.

With a philatelist in the White House, the Post Office catered to collectors as never before, issuing seven separate souvenir sheets between and In one case, a collectors' series had to be produced as the result of a miscalculation. Around , Postmaster Farley removed sheets of the National Parks set from stock before they had been gummed or perforated, giving these and unfinished examples of ten other issues to President Roosevelt and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes also a philatelist as curiosities for their collections.

When word of these gifts got out, public outcries arose. Some accused Farley of a corrupt scheme to enrich Roosevelt and Ickes by creating valuable rarities for them at taxpayer expense. Stamp aficionados, in turn, demanded that these curiosities be sold to the public so that ordinary collectors could acquire them, and Farley duly issued them in bulk.

This series of special printings soon became known as "Farley's Follies. The famous Presidential Issue , known as "Prexies" for short, came out in The series featured all 29 U.

Many such covers remain to be discovered; some sellers on eBay have been surprised to discover an ordinary-seeming cover bid up to several hundred dollars because it was one of the sought-after solo usages. The Presidential issue remained in distribution for many years.

Not until did the Post Office begin replacing its values with the stamps of a new definitive issue, the Liberty series. Post Office issued a set of 35 stamps, issued over the course of approximately ten months, commemorating America's famous Authors, Poets, Educators, Scientists, Composers, Artists and Inventors.

The Educators included Booker T. Washington, who now became the first African-American to be honored on a U. This series of Postage issues was printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. These stamps were larger in size than normal definitive issues, with only stamp images contained on the printing plate images was standard for the Presidential series.

Eliot - Frances E. Willard - Booker T. Scientists: John James Audubon - Dr. Crawford W. Long - Luther Burbank - Dr. Walter Reed - Jane Addams. MacDowell - Ethelbert Nevin. Inventors: Eli Whitney - Samuel F. Among the three issues that appeared in [37] was the celebrated Win the War stamp, [38] which enjoyed enormously wide use, owing partly to patriotism and partly to the relative unavailability of alternatives.

It presents an art deco eagle posed in a "V" shape for victory surrounded by 13 stars. A notable commemorative set did, indeed, appear in —44, but its stamps, all valued at 5 cents, were not competitive with the Win the War issue. This was the Overrun Countries series known to collectors as the Flag set , produced as a tribute to the thirteen nations that had been occupied by the Axis Powers. The thirteen stamps present full color images of the national flags of Poland , Czechoslovakia , Norway , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Greece , Yugoslavia , Albania , Austria , Denmark , and Korea , with the names of the respective countries written beneath.

To the left of each flag appears the image of the phoenix , which symbolizes the renewal of life, and to its right appears a kneeling female figure with arms raised, breaking the shackles of servitude. The stamps with flags of European countries were released at intervals from June to December , while the Korea flag stamp was released in November These stamps were intended for use on V-mail, a means whereby mail intended for military personnel overseas was delivered with certainty.

The service persons overseas used the same method for writing letters home, and the same process was used to reconstruct their letters, except that their postage was free.

The two-cent surcharge on the V-mail letters helped pay for the additional expense of this method of delivery. Because of the elaborate process necessary for the full-color printing, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing contracted with a private firm, the American Bank Note Company , to produce the series - the first U.

Uniquely among U. In the places where the numbers normally appear on each sheet, the name of the country is substituted, engraved in capital letters.

The post- World War II stamp program followed a consistent pattern for many years: a steady stream of commemorative issues sold as single stamps at the first-class letter rate. While the majority of these were designed in the double-width format, an appreciable number issued in honor of individuals conformed instead to the format, size, general design style and red-violet hue used in the Famous Americans series.

Beginning in , Congressional Representatives and Senators began to push the Post Office for stamps proposed by constituents, leading to a relative flood of stamps honoring obscure persons and organizations. The Liberty issue of , deep in the Cold War , took a much more political slant than previous issues.

The other stamps in the series included liberty-related statesmen and landmarks, such as Patrick Henry and Bunker Hill , although other subjects, Benjamin Harrison , for example seem unrelated to the basic theme.

In , the American Flag was featured on a U. The Post Office had long avoided this image, fearing accusations that, in issuing stamps on which they would be defacing the flag by cancellation marks, they would be both committing and fomenting desecration. However, protests against this initial flag issue were muted, and the flag has remained a perennially popular U. The Prominent Americans series superseded the "Liberties" in the s and proved the last definitive issue to conform to the Universal Postal Union color code.

In the s, they were replaced by the Americana series , in which colors became purely a matter of designer preference. In January , the USPS began to issue "Love" stamps for use on Valentine's Day and other special occasions such as weddings, birthdays, anniversaries and letters to loved ones. Airmail in the United States Post Office emerged in three stages beginning with the 'pioneer period' [48] where there were many unofficial flights carrying the mail prior to , the year the US Post Office assumed delivery of all Air Mail.

Army for six months, after which the contract system resumed. In , about a year after Abraham Lincoln's assassination, the U. Post Office issued its first postage stamp honoring the fallen President. The Post Office stated that the release took place on June Some sources, however, believe that the stamp was introduced on April 14, the one-year anniversary of Lincoln's death, and one notable expert made an unverifiable claim that the stamp first saw use on April From that point on Lincoln's portrait appeared on a variety of U.

Lincoln is also honored on commemorative stamps issued by Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Issue of The first self-adhesive stamp was a 10 cent stamp from the Christmas issue of It was not considered successful, and the surviving stamps, though not rare, are all gradually becoming discolored due to the adhesive used.

Self-adhesives were not issued again until , gradually becoming so popular that as of [update] , only a handful of types are offered with the traditional gum now affectionately called "manual stamps" by postal employees. The increasing frequency of postal rate increases from the s on, and the necessity to wait for these to be approved by Congress, made it problematic for the Postal Service to provide stamps matching the increased costs in a timely manner.

Until it was known, for example, whether the new first-class rate would be 16c or, instead, 15c, no denominated stamp could be printed. The Postal Service found a way to bypass this problem in Preparatory to that year's increase, an orange colored stamp with a simple eagle design appeared bearing the denomination "A" instead of a number; and the public was informed that this stamp would satisfy the new first-class rate, whatever it turned out to be.

Subsequent rate increases resulted in B, C and D stamps, which bore the same eagle design but were printed, respectively, in purple, buff-brown and blue-green.

When it came time for an E stamp in , the Postal Service commissioned a more elaborate design: a color picture of the globe as seen from space E for Earth.

The F stamp in was accompanied by an undenominated "make-up" stamp with no pictorial design beyond a frame, which enclosed the words "This U. The Great Americans series and the Transportation coils began appearing in and , respectively. The transportation coils were used steadily for some 20 years, while Great Americans was replaced by the Distinguished Americans series , which began in The increasing use of email and other technologies during the s led to a decline in the amount of first-class mail, while bulk mail increased.

A large variety of commemorative stamps continue to appear, but more of them just go to collectors, while the stamps of the average person's daily mail are non-denominated types issued specifically for businesses. It was also the first commemorative stamp to be wholly produced by offset lithography.

The USPS has since issued other stamps with more complex microprinting incorporated along with dates, words, and abbreviations such as USPS and even entire stamp designs composed of microprint letters. In , after years of producing American postage stamps, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ended its involvement with the postal service. On April 12, , the Forever stamp went on sale for 41 cents, and is good for mailing one-ounce First-Class letters anytime in the future—regardless of price changes.

In , the Post Office began issuing all new stamps for First-Class postage—both definitives and commemoratives—as Forever stamps: denominations were no longer included on them. Beginning in , the Post Office made all other stamps Forever stamps-Postcard, Additional Ounce, Two Ounce, Three Ounce, and Non-Machinable Surcharge, and these types of stamps now have their use printed on them instead of a number.

On February 25, , the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled that Frank Gaylord , sculptor of a portion of the Korean War Veterans Memorial , was entitled to compensation when an image of that sculpture was used on a 37 cent postage stamp because he had not signed away his intellectual property rights to the sculpture when it was erected. The appeals court rejected arguments that the photo was transformative. The Postal Service argued that Gaylord was not the sole sculptor saying he had received advice from federal sources—who recommended that the uniforms appear more in the wind and also that the sculpture was actually architecture.

Gaylord won all of his arguments in the lower court except for one: the court ruled the photo was fair use and thus he was not entitled to compensation.

Gaylord appealed and won the case on appeal. Later in the s, automated stamp and bank automatic teller machines began dispensing thinner stamps. The thin stamps were to make it easier for automated stamp machines to dispense and to make the stamps more environmentally friendly. On January 26, , the postal service raised the price of First-class postage stamps to 49 cents. Rates for other mail, including postcards and packages, also increased.

Starting in , the USPS offered customers the ability to design and purchase custom stamps, which were offered through third-party providers, like Stamps. The USPS prohibited certain types of images such as alcohol, tobacco, gambling, weapons, controlled substances, political content, religious content, violent content, or sexual content [56] from being used on the custom stamps.

The rules generated some controversy by uneven enforcement of the rules against the use of purportedly religious and political imagery. United States Postal Serv. Twelve criteria for new stamps and postal stationery [61] include that "events of historical significance shall be considered for commemoration only on anniversaries in multiples of 50 years.

In September , however, the postal service announced that, in an attempt to increase flagging revenues, stamps would soon offer images of celebrated living persons, chosen by the Committee in response to suggestions submitted by the public via surface mail and social networks on the Internet. The revised criterion reads: "The Postal Service will honor living men and women who have made extraordinary contributions to American society and culture.

The stamps were designed by Howard E. Paine of Delaplane, Virginia. Five subsequent sets of ten stamps each had appeared by August 16, , bringing the total of stamp designs to sixty. Sets nos. Bailar complained that the USPS was "prostituting" its stamps by focusing on stamps centered on popular culture, not cultural icons. He claims that this is a move aimed at making up for the USPS' revenue shortage at the expense of the values of the stamp program.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from US stamp. Began with the delivery of stampless letters. Play media. Benjamin Franklin Issue of George Washington Issue of Thomas Jefferson Issue of Main article: Pony Express.

Main article: Grill philately. Main article: Pictorial Issue. Main article: Columbian Issue. Original George Washington Issue without the corner triangles. Washington 2-cent Bureau issue clearly showing the triangles in the upper corners. Main article: Series of Main article: Washington-Franklin Issues. Main article: Presidential Issue.

Where To Buy Stamps. Archived from the original on Retrieved Louis: C. Mekeel, Philatelic Publishers Stamps," by Ralph A. Library of Congress , Law Library of Congress. We have no intention of whittling away that position. Are we adequately provided with playgrounds, and if we are not, how can we justify this whittling down?

For most people, better industrial relations is more about improved co-operation, partnership and consultation than about court injunctions and whittling away some remaining employee rights. If ever there was a method of whittling down our traditional systems of collective bargaining, that was it. To describe that as a whittling away—although those exact words were not used, that was what was implied—is not accurate.

The Appalachian floras also include a diverse assemblage of bryophytes mosses and liverworts , as well as fungi. As with vascular plants , these tend to be closely related to the character of the soils and thermal environment in which they are found. Eastern deciduous forests are subject to a number of serious insect and disease outbreaks.

Among the most conspicuous is that of the introduced gypsy moth Lymantria dispar , which infests primarily oaks, causing severe defoliation and tree mortality.

But it also has the benefit of eliminating weak individuals, and thus improving the genetic stock, as well as creating rich habitat of a type through accumulation of dead wood. Because hardwoods sprout so readily, this moth is not as harmful as the hemlock woolly adelgid. Perhaps more serious is the introduced beech bark disease complex, which includes both a scale insect Cryptococcus fagisuga and fungal components. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Appalachian forests were subject to severe and destructive logging and land clearing, which resulted in the designation of the national forests and parks as well many state protected areas.

However, these and a variety of other destructive activities continue, albeit in diminished forms; and thus far only a few ecologically based management practices have taken hold. Appalachian bogs are boreal ecosystems , which occur in many places in the Appalachians, particularly the Allegheny and Blue Ridge subranges. Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels.

The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis. Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel Sciurus niger and the much smaller southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans. More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus , whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus , which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel, is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests.

As familiar as squirrels are the eastern cottontail rabbit Silvilagus floridanus and the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus. The latter in particular has greatly increased in abundance as a result of the extirpation of the eastern wolf Canis lupus lycaon and the cougar.

This has led to the overgrazing and browsing of many plants of the Appalachian forests, as well as destruction of agricultural crops. Other deer include the moose Alces alces , found only in the north, and the elk Cervus canadensis , which, although once extirpated , is now making a comeback, through transplantation, in the southern and central Appalachians.

Lawrence River. An additional species that is common in the north but extends its range southward at high elevations to Virginia and West Virginia is the varying of snowshoe hare Lepus americanus. However, these central Appalachian populations are scattered and very small.

Another species of great interest is the beaver Castor canadensis , which is showing a great resurgence in numbers after its near extirpation for its pelt. This resurgence is bringing about a drastic alteration in habitat through the construction of dams and other structures throughout the mountains. Other common forest animals are the black bear Ursus americanus , striped skunk Mephitis mephitis , raccoon Procyon lotor , woodchuck Marmota monax , bobcat Lynx rufus , gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus , red fox Vulpes vulpes and in recent years, the coyote Canis latrans , another species favored by the advent of Europeans and the extirpation of eastern and red wolves Canis rufus.

European boars Sus scrofa were introduced in the early 20th century. Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo silvestris , ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus , mourning dove Zenaida macroura , common raven Corvus corax , wood duck Aix sponsa , great horned owl Bubo virginianus , barred owl Strix varia , screech owl Megascops asio , red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis , red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus , and northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis , as well as a great variety of "songbirds" Passeriformes , like the warblers in particular.

Of great importance are the many species of salamanders and, in particular, the lungless species Family Plethodontidae that live in great abundance concealed by leaves and debris, on the forest floor.

Most frequently seen, however, is the eastern or red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens , whose terrestrial eft form is often encountered on the open, dry forest floor. It has been estimated that salamanders represent the largest class of animal biomass in the Appalachian forests.

Frogs and toads are of lesser diversity and abundance, but the wood frog Rana sylvatica is, like the eft, commonly encountered on the dry forest floor, while a number of species of small frogs, such as spring peepers Pseudacris crucifer , enliven the forest with their calls. Salamanders and other amphibians contribute greatly to nutrient cycling through their consumption of small life forms on the forest floor and in aquatic habitats. Although reptiles are less abundant and diverse than amphibians, a number of snakes are conspicuous members of the fauna.

One of the largest is the non-venomous black rat snake Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta , while the common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis is among the smallest but most abundant. The American copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix and the timber rattler Crotalus horridus are venomous pit vipers. There are few lizards, but the broad-headed skink Eumeces laticeps , at up to 13 in 33 cm in length, and an excellent climber and swimmer, is one of the largest and most spectacular in appearance and action.

The most common turtle is the eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina carolina , which is found in both upland and lowland forests in the central and southern Appalachians.

Prominent among aquatic species is the large common snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina , which occurs throughout the Appalachians. Appalachian streams are notable for their highly diverse freshwater fish life. Among the most abundant and diverse are those of the minnow family family Cyprinidae , while species of the colorful darters Percina spp. A characteristic fish of shaded, cool Appalachian forest streams is the wild brook or speckled trout Salvelinus fontinalis , which is much sought after as a game fish.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Appalachian Rise. Mountain range in the eastern United States and Canada. For other uses, see Appalachian. See also: List of mountains of the Appalachians. Main article: Geology of the Appalachians. Archived from the original on June 4, Retrieved November 6, Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 18th ed.

Cambridge University Press. ISBN November 3, Retrieved April 4, Archived from the original on January 17, Geological Survey. Archived from the original on December 5, Retrieved December 6, Archived from the original on December 12, Retrieved December 7, Archived from the original on December 6, Retrieved December 27, Fulcrum Publishing. New York: Random House. Names on the Land. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. The Encyclopedia of Appalachia Knoxville, Tenn.

Random House Dictionary, online at Dictionary. Retrieved May 15, In Chisholm, Hugh ed. Global Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography. Northern Arizona University. Archived from the original on June 21, Retrieved July 4, Archived from the original on June 22, Retrieved July 19, Wylie; Sevon, William D.

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