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Accordingly, American squadrons were launched piecemeal and proceeded to the target in several different groups. It was accepted that the lack of coordination would diminish the impact of the American attacks and increase their casualties, but Spruance calculated that this was worthwhile, since keeping the Japanese under aerial attack impaired their ability to launch a counterstrike Japanese tactics preferred fully constituted attacks , and he gambled that he would find Nagumo with his flight decks at their most vulnerable.
American carrier aircraft had difficulty locating the target, despite the positions they had been given. The strike from Hornet , led by Commander Stanhope C. Ring, followed an incorrect heading of degrees rather than the degrees indicated by the contact report.
As a result, Air Group Eight's dive bombers missed the Japanese carriers. Waldron , broke formation from Ring and followed the correct heading. The 10 F4Fs from Hornet ran out of fuel and had to ditch. Waldron's squadron sighted the enemy carriers and began attacking at , followed at [99] by VF-6 from Enterprise , whose Wildcat fighter escorts lost contact, ran low on fuel, and had to turn back.
Ensign George H. Gay, Jr. Lindsey lost nine of its 14 Devastators one ditched later , and 10 of 12 Devastators from Yorktown ' s VT-3 who attacked at were shot down with no hits to show for their effort, thanks in part to the abysmal performance of their unimproved Mark 13 torpedoes.
A few TBDs managed to get within a few ship-lengths range of their targets before dropping their torpedoes—close enough to be able to strafe the enemy ships and force the Japanese carriers to make sharp evasive maneuvers—but all of their torpedoes either missed or failed to explode.
Despite their failure to score any hits, the American torpedo attacks achieved three important results. First, they kept the Japanese carriers off balance and unable to prepare and launch their own counterstrike.
Second, the poor control of the Japanese combat air patrol CAP meant they were out of position for subsequent attacks. Third, many of the Zeros ran low on ammunition and fuel. By chance, at the same time VT-3 was sighted by the Japanese, three squadrons of SBDs from Enterprise and Yorktown were approaching from the southwest and northeast. The Yorktown squadron VB-3 had flown just behind VT-3, but elected to attack from a different course.
The two squadrons from Enterprise VB-6 and VS-6 were running low on fuel because of the time spent looking for the enemy. Air Group Commander C. Wade McClusky, Jr. McClusky's decision to continue the search and his judgment, in the opinion of Admiral Chester Nimitz , "decided the fate of our carrier task force and our forces at Midway Beginning at , the two squadrons of Enterprise ' s air group split up with the intention of sending one squadron each to attack Kaga and Akagi.
A miscommunication caused both of the squadrons to dive at Kaga. Recognizing the error, Lieutenant Richard Halsey Best and his two wingmen were able to pull out of their dives and, after judging that Kaga was doomed, headed north to attack Akagi. Coming under an onslaught of bombs from almost two full squadrons, Kaga sustained at least four direct hits, which caused heavy damage and started multiple fires.
One of the bombs landed on or right in front of the bridge, killing Captain Jisaku Okada and most of the ship's senior officers. Dickinson, part of McClusky's group, recalled:. We were coming down in all directions on the port side of the carrier I recognized her as the Kaga ; and she was enormous The target was utterly satisfying I saw a bomb hit just behind where I was aiming I saw the deck rippling and curling back in all directions exposing a great section of the hangar below I saw [my] pound [ kg] bomb hit right abreast of the [carrier's] island.
The two pound [45 kg] bombs struck in the forward area of the parked planes Several minutes later, Best and his two wingmen dove on Akagi. Mitsuo Fuchida , the Japanese aviator who had led the attack on Pearl Harbor , was on Akagi when it was hit, and described the attack:. A look-out screamed: "Hell-Divers! Some of our machineguns managed to fire a few frantic bursts at them, but it was too late.
The plump silhouettes of the American Dauntless dive-bombers quickly grew larger, and then a number of black objects suddenly floated eerily from their wings. Although Akagi sustained only one direct hit almost certainly dropped by Lieutenant Best , it proved to be a fatal blow: the bomb struck the edge of the mid-ship deck elevator and penetrated to the upper hangar deck, where it exploded among the armed and fueled aircraft in the vicinity.
Planes stood tail up, belching livid flames and jet-black smoke, making it impossible to bring the fires under control. Gasoline ignited, creating an "inferno", while stacked bombs and ammunition detonated.
Akagi , having been struck by only one bomb, took longer to burn, but the resulting fires quickly expanded and soon proved impossible to extinguish; she too was eventually consumed by flames and had to be abandoned. As Nagumo began to grasp the enormity of what had happened, he appears to have gone into a state of shock. Witnesses saw Nagumo standing near the ship's compass looking out at the flames on his flagship and two other carriers in a trance-like daze.
Despite being asked to abandon the ship, Nagumo did not move and was reluctant to leave the Akagi , just muttering, "It's not time yet. Nagumo, with a barely perceptible nod, with tears in his eyes, agreed to go.
Despite initial hopes that Akagi could be saved or at least towed back to Japan, all three carriers were eventually abandoned and scuttled. The damage also forced Admiral Fletcher to move his command staff to the heavy cruiser Astoria. Yorktown yanked down her yellow breakdown flag and up went a new hoist—"My speed 5.
Sailors, including Ensign John d'Arc Lorenz called it an incalculable inspiration: "For the first time I realized what the flag meant: all of us—a million faces—all our effort—a whisper of encouragement.
Five torpedo bombers and two fighters were shot down in this attack. News of the two strikes, with the mistaken reports that each had sunk an American carrier, greatly improved Japanese morale.
Despite the heavy losses, the Japanese believed that they could scrape together enough aircraft for one more strike against what they believed to be the only remaining American carrier. Hornet ' s strike, launched late because of a communications error, concentrated on the remaining escort ships, but failed to score any hits.
Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi , together with the ship's captain, Tomeo Kaku, chose to go down with the ship, costing Japan perhaps its best carrier officer. As darkness fell, both sides took stock and made tentative plans for continuing the action. Admiral Fletcher, obliged to abandon the derelict Yorktown and feeling he could not adequately command from a cruiser, ceded operational command to Spruance. Spruance knew the United States had won a great victory, but he was still unsure of what Japanese forces remained and was determined to safeguard both Midway and his carriers.
To aid his aviators, who had launched at extreme range, he had continued to close with Nagumo during the day and persisted as night fell. Finally, fearing a possible night encounter with Japanese surface forces, [] and believing Yamamoto still intended to invade, based in part on a misleading contact report from the submarine Tambor , [] Spruance changed course and withdrew to the east, turning back west towards the enemy at midnight.
Simultaneously, he detached a cruiser raiding force to bombard the island. The Japanese surface forces failed to make contact with the Americans because Spruance had decided to briefly withdraw eastward, and Yamamoto ordered a general withdrawal to the west. Spruance failed to regain contact with Yamamoto's forces on 5 June, despite extensive searches.
Towards the end of the day, he launched a search-and-destroy mission to seek out any remnants of Nagumo's carrier force. This late afternoon strike narrowly missed detecting Yamamoto's main body and failed to score hits on a straggling Japanese destroyer.
The strike planes returned to the carriers after nightfall, prompting Spruance to order Enterprise and Hornet to turn on their lights to aid the landings.
This report was passed on by English to Nimitz, who then sent it to Spruance. Spruance, a former submarine commander, was "understandably furious" at the vagueness of Murphy's report, as it provided him with little more than suspicion and no concrete information on which to make his preparations.
In reality, the ships sighted by Tambor were the detachment of four cruisers and two destroyers Yamamoto had sent to bombard Midway. At , these ships received Yamamoto's order to retire and changed course to comply. The attack was unsuccessful and around he finally reported two westbound Mogami -class cruisers , before diving again and playing no further role in the battle.
As soon as Tambor returned to port, Spruance had Murphy relieved of duty and reassigned to a shore station, citing his confusing contact report, poor torpedo shooting during his attack run, and general lack of aggression, especially as compared to Nautilus , the oldest of the 12 boats at Midway and the only one which had successfully placed a torpedo on target albeit a dud.
Over the next two days, several strikes were launched against the stragglers, first from Midway, then from Spruance's carriers. Mikuma was eventually sunk by Dauntlesses, [] while Mogami survived further severe damage to return home for repairs.
The destroyers Arashio and Asashio were also bombed and strafed during the last of these attacks. Fleming , a U. Marine Corps aviator, was killed while executing a glide bomb run on Mikuma and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. In the late afternoon of 6 June, the Japanese submarine I , which had managed to slip through the cordon of destroyers possibly because of the large amount of debris in the water , fired a salvo of torpedoes, two of which struck Yorktown.
There were few casualties aboard since most of the crew had already been evacuated, but a third torpedo from this salvo struck the destroyer USS Hammann , which had been providing auxiliary power to Yorktown. Hammann broke in two and sank with the loss of 80 lives, mostly because her own depth charges exploded. With further salvage efforts deemed hopeless, the remaining repair crews were evacuated from Yorktown.
Throughout the night of 6 June and into the morning of 7 June, Yorktown remained afloat; but by on 7 June, observers noted that her list was rapidly increasing to port.
Shortly afterward, the ship turned onto her port side, and lay that way, revealing the torpedo hole in her starboard bilge—the result of the submarine attack. Captain Buckmaster's American flag was still flying. Two patrolling PBYs appeared overhead and dipped their wings in a final salute. We could not send TBDs into action unless they had adequate smoke protection and torpedoes that exploded more than 10 percent of the time.
By the time the battle ended, 3, Japanese had died. In addition, the destroyers Arashio bombed; 35 and Asashio strafed by aircraft; 21 were both damaged during the air attacks which sank Mikuma and caused further damage to Mogami.
Floatplanes were lost from the cruisers Chikuma 3 and Tone 2. Dead aboard the destroyers Tanikaze 11 , Arashi 1 , Kazagumo 1 and the fleet oiler Akebono Maru 10 made up the remaining 23 casualties. At the end of the battle, the U. Tinker , Commander, 7th Air Force , who personally led a bomber strike from Hawaii against the retreating Japanese forces on 7 June.
He was killed when his aircraft crashed near Midway Island. After winning a clear victory, and as pursuit became too hazardous near Wake, [] American forces retired. Spruance once again withdrew to the east to refuel his destroyers and rendezvous with the carrier Saratoga , which was ferrying much-needed replacement aircraft. Fletcher transferred his flag to Saratoga on the afternoon of 8 June and resumed command of the carrier force.
For the remainder of that day and then 9 June, Fletcher continued to launch search missions from the three carriers to ensure the Japanese were no longer advancing on Midway. Late on 10 June a decision was made to leave the area and the American carriers eventually returned to Pearl Harbor. Historian Samuel E. Morison noted in that Spruance was subjected to much criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese, thus allowing their surface fleet to escape.
This made it unlikely that they would be effective in an airstrike against the Japanese battleships, even if they had managed to catch them during the daytime. On 10 June, the Imperial Japanese Navy conveyed to the military liaison conference an incomplete picture of the results of the battle.
It was intended only for the highest echelons in the Japanese Navy and government and was guarded closely throughout the war. In it, one of the more striking revelations is the comment on the Mobile Force Commander's Nagumo's estimates: "The enemy is not aware of our plans we were not discovered until early in the morning of the 5th at the earliest. The Japanese public and much of the military command structure were kept in the dark about the extent of the defeat: Japanese news announced a great victory.
Only Emperor Hirohito and the highest Navy command personnel were accurately informed of the carrier and pilot losses. Consequently, even the Imperial Japanese Army IJA continued to believe, for at least a short time, that the fleet was in good condition.
On the return of the Japanese fleet to Hashirajima on 14 June the wounded were immediately transferred to naval hospitals; most were classified as "secret patients", placed in isolation wards and quarantined from other patients and their own families to keep this major defeat secret.
As a result of the defeat, new procedures were adopted whereby more Japanese aircraft were refueled and re-armed on the flight deck, rather than in the hangars, and the practice of draining all unused fuel lines was adopted. The new carriers being built were redesigned to incorporate only two flight deck elevators and new firefighting equipment.
Replacement pilots were pushed through an abbreviated training regimen in order to meet the short-term needs of the fleet. This led to a sharp decline in the quality of the aviators produced. These inexperienced pilots were fed into front-line units, while the veterans who remained after Midway and the Solomons campaign were forced to share an increased workload as conditions grew more desperate, with few being given a chance to rest in rear areas or in the home islands.
As a result, Japanese naval air groups as a whole progressively deteriorated during the war while their American adversaries continued to improve.
Three U. Yasumasa died when the destroyer Numakaze sank in December but had he survived, he would have likely been tried as a war criminal. After receiving medical care, at least one of these sailors cooperated during interrogation and provided intelligence. The Battle of Midway has often been called "the turning point of the Pacific".
Had Japan won the battle as thoroughly as the U. Saratoga would have been the only American carrier in the Pacific, with no new ones being completed before the end of While the U. Although the Japanese continued to try to secure more territory, and the U. Midway allowed this to occur before the first of the new Essex -class fleet carriers became available at the end of Some authors have stated that heavy losses in carriers and veteran aircrews at Midway permanently weakened the Imperial Japanese Navy.
Navy commissioned more than two dozen fleet and light fleet carriers, and numerous escort carriers. Both the United States and Japan accelerated the training of aircrew, but the United States had a more effective pilot rotation system, which meant that more veterans survived and went on to training or command billets , where they were able to pass on lessons they had learned in combat to trainees, instead of remaining in combat, where errors were more likely to be fatal.
Midway showed the worth of pre-war naval cryptanalysis and intelligence-gathering. These efforts continued and were expanded throughout the war in both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters.
Successes were numerous and significant. For instance, cryptanalysis made possible the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto's airplane in The Battle of Midway redefined the central importance of air superiority for the remainder of the war when the Japanese suddenly lost their four main aircraft carriers and were forced to return home.
Without any form of air superiority, the Japanese never again launched a major offensive in the Pacific. Because of the extreme depth of the ocean in the area of the battle more than 17, ft or 5, m , researching the battlefield has presented extraordinary difficulties. On 19 May , Robert Ballard and a team of scientists and Midway veterans from both sides located and photographed Yorktown , which was located 16, feet deep 3.
The ship was remarkably intact for a vessel that had sunk in ; much of the original equipment and even the original paint scheme were still visible. In September , a joint expedition between Nauticos Corp. Naval Oceanographic Office searched for the Japanese aircraft carriers. Using advanced renavigation techniques in conjunction with the ship's log of the submarine USS Nautilus , the expedition located a large piece of wreckage, subsequently identified as having come from the upper hangar deck of Kaga.
The crew of the Petrel research vessel, in conjunction with the U. Navy, revealed on 18 October that it had found the Japanese carrier Kaga lying 5.
The crew of the research vessel Petrel confirmed the discovery of another Japanese carrier, the Akagi , on 21 October Yorktown Boulevard leading away from the strip was named for the U. She was renamed St. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the battle. For other uses, see The Battle of Midway disambiguation. Chester W. Hawaiian Islands Campaign. Japanese offensives, — Pacific War.
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New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. ISBN Barde, Robert E. December Military Affairs. Beevor, Antony The Second World War. New York: Back Bay Books. Bubble Shooter Extreme. Real Moto Bike Racing. Offroad Real Drive Simulator. Flight Simulator C Training. Impossible Truck Track Driving Game Princess Maker 1. Cut the Rope Experiments. Stunt Bike. Police Chase Real Cop Driver.
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