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wood-plans-pdf-64 Main article: Transport in China. Red December 16, wood plans pdf 64 pm. The Mongolian script used in China and the Manchu script are both derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet. D Zirschky January 4, at am. Hu Shih and Lu Xun were pioneers in modern literature. Guangzhou Shenzhen.

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Chinese dragon head — Digital files. Chinese dragon — files arhiv for use by the laser machine. Christmas advent truck — Digital files. Christmas advent truck — files arhiv for use by the laser machine. Christmas catalog. In recent decades, China has suffered from severe environmental deterioration and pollution. There are approximately 1 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution. The People's Republic of China is the second-largest country in the world by land area [] after Russia , and is the third largest by total area, after Russia and Canada.

China has the longest combined land border in the world , measuring 22, km 13, mi from the mouth of the Yalu River Amnok River to the Gulf of Tonkin. The Chinese government has been variously described as communist and socialist, but also as authoritarian [] and corporatist , [] with heavy restrictions in many areas, most notably against free access to the Internet , freedom of the press , freedom of assembly , the right to have children , free formation of social organizations and freedom of religion.

Since , the main body of the Chinese constitution declares that "the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party CCP. The National People's Congress in altered the country's constitution to remove the two-term limit on holding the Bed Woodworking Plans Pdf Not Working Presidency of China, permitting the current leader, Xi Jinping , to remain president of China and General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party for an unlimited time, governing as a dictator.

The Premier is the head of government , presiding over the State Council composed of four vice premiers and the heads of ministries and commissions. In , Xi called on the communist party to further tighten its grip on the country, to uphold the unity of the party leadership, and achieve the "Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation".

The People's Republic of China is divided into 22 provinces , five autonomous regions each with a designated minority group , and four municipalities —collectively referred to as " mainland China "—as well as the special administrative regions SARs of Hong Kong and Macau.

The PRC has diplomatic relations with countries and maintains embassies in In , China had the largest diplomatic network in the world. Under its interpretation of the One-China policy , Beijing has made it a precondition to establishing diplomatic relations that the other country acknowledges its claim to Taiwan and severs official ties with the government of the Republic of China.

Much of current Chinese foreign policy is reportedly based on Premier Zhou Enlai 's Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence , and is also driven by the concept of "harmony without uniformity", which encourages diplomatic relations between states despite ideological differences.

China became the world's largest trading nation in , as measured by the sum of imports and exports. China has had a long and complex trade relationship with the United States. In , the United States Congress approved "permanent normal trade relations" PNTR with China, allowing Chinese exports in at the same low tariffs as goods from most other countries.

China's Belt and Road Initiative has expanded significantly over the last six years and, as of April , includes countries and 30 international organizations. In addition to intensifying foreign policy relations, the focus here is particularly on building efficient transport routes. The focus is particularly on the maritime Silk Road with its connections to East Africa and Europe and there are Chinese investments or related declarations of intent at numerous ports such as Gwadar , Kuantan , Hambantota , Piraeus and Trieste.

However many of these loans made under the Belt and Road program are unsustainable and China has faced a number of calls for debt relief from debtor nations.

Ever since its establishment after the Chinese Civil War , the PRC has claimed the territories governed by the Republic of China ROC , a separate political entity today commonly known as Taiwan, as a part of its territory.

These claims are controversial because of the complicated Cross-Strait relations , with the PRC treating the One-China policy as one of its most important diplomatic principles. China has resolved its land borders with 12 out of 14 neighboring countries, having pursued substantial compromises in most of them.

China is additionally involved in maritime disputes with multiple countries over the ownership of several small islands in the East and South China Seas, such as the Senkaku Islands and the Scarborough Shoal.

China uses a massive espionage network of cameras, facial recognition software, sensors, surveillance of personal technology, and a social credit system as a means of social control of persons living in China. While economic and social controls have been significantly relaxed in China since the s, political freedom is still tightly restricted.

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China states that the "fundamental rights" of citizens include freedom of speech , freedom of the press , the right to a fair trial , freedom of religion , universal suffrage , and property rights. However, in practice, these provisions do not afford significant protection against criminal prosecution by the state. A number of foreign governments, foreign press agencies, and NGOs have criticized China's human rights record , alleging widespread civil rights violations such as detention without trial, forced abortions , [] forced confessions, torture , restrictions of fundamental rights, [] [] and excessive use of the death penalty.

The Chinese state is regularly accused of large-scale repression and human rights abuses in Tibet [] and Xinjiang , [] including violent police crackdowns and religious suppression throughout the Chinese nation.

Department of State , actions including political indoctrination , torture , physical and psychological abuse, forced sterilization , sexual abuse , and forced labor are common in these facilities.

Global studies from Pew Research Center in and ranked the Chinese government's restrictions on religion as among the highest in the world, despite low to moderate rankings for religious-related social hostilities in the country. The state-imposed forced system was formally abolished in but it is not clear the extent to which its various practices have stopped. The Laogai Research Foundation in the United States estimated that there were over a thousand slave labour prisons and camps, known collectively as the Laogai.

In a study called for the mass retraction of more than scientific papers on organ transplantation , because of fears the organs were obtained unethically from Chinese prisoners.

While the government says 10, transplants occur each year, hospital data shows between 60, and , organs are transplanted each year. The report provided evidence that this gap is being made up by executed prisoners of conscience.

With 2. Office of the Secretary of Defense — argue that China does not report its real level of military spending, which is allegedly much higher than the official budget. The Chinese government acknowledged in that the Chinese government's official economic statistics are unreliable. China had the largest economy in the world for most of the past two thousand years , during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline.

Major sectors of competitive strength include manufacturing, retail, mining, steel, textiles, automobiles, energy generation, green energy, banking, electronics, telecommunications, real estate, e-commerce, and tourism. China has been the world's No. China has a large informal economy , which arose as a result of the country's economic opening. The informal economy is a source of employment and income for workers, but it is unrecognized and suffers from lower productivity.

As of , China was first in the world in total number of billionaires and second in millionaires—there were Chinese billionaires [] and 3. However, it ranks behind over 60 countries out of around in per capita economic output, making it an upper-middle income country.

Its major cities and coastal areas are far more prosperous compared to rural and interior regions. From its founding in until late , the People's Republic of China was a Soviet-style centrally planned economy. Following Mao's death in and the consequent end of the Cultural Revolution , Deng Xiaoping and the new Chinese leadership began to reform the economy and move towards a more market-oriented mixed economy under one-party rule.

Agricultural collectivization was dismantled and farmlands privatized, while foreign trade became a major new focus, leading to the creation of Special Economic Zones SEZs. Inefficient state-owned enterprises SOEs were restructured and unprofitable ones were closed outright, resulting in massive job losses.

In the early s, China's economic growth rate began to slow amid domestic credit troubles, weakening international demand for Chinese exports and fragility in the global economy.

Treasury bonds. Following the —08 financial crisis, Chinese authorities sought to actively wean off of its dependence on the U. China has had the world's largest middle class population since , [] and the middle class grew to a size of million by China was once a world leader in science and technology up until the Ming dynasty. Chinese mathematicians were the first to use negative numbers. After repeated military defeats by the European colonial powers and Japan in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science and technology as part of the Self-Strengthening Movement.

After the Communists came to power in , efforts were made to organize science and technology based on the model of the Soviet Union , in which scientific research was part of central planning. China is developing its education system with an emphasis on science, technology, engineering and mathematics STEM ; in , China graduated over 10, PhD engineers, and as many as , BSc graduates, more than any other country.

China ranks first globally in the important indicators, including patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, and creative goods exports and also has 2 Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou and Beijing in the 2nd and 4th spots respectively of the global top 5 science and technology clusters, which is more than any country.

The Chinese space program is one of the world's most active. In , China launched its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong I , becoming the fifth country to do so independently. In , China's first space station module, Tiangong-1 , was launched, marking the first step in a project to assemble a large crewed station by the early s.

China is the largest telecom market in the world and currently has the largest number of active cellphones of any country in the world, with over 1. China Telecom alone served more than million broadband subscribers and million mobile users; China Unicom had about million subscribers; and China Mobile, the biggest of them all, had million users, as of China has developed its own satellite navigation system, dubbed Beidou , which began offering commercial navigation services across Asia in [] as well as global services by the end of Since the late s, China's national road network has been significantly expanded through the creation of a network of national highways and expressways.

In , China's highways had reached a total length of , km 88, mi , making it the longest highway system in the world. China's railways , which are state-owned , are among the busiest in the world , handling a quarter of the world's rail traffic volume on only 6 percent of the world's tracks in China's high-speed rail HSR system started construction in the early s.

By the end of , high speed rail in China had over 35, kilometers 21, miles of dedicated lines alone, making it the longest HSR network in the world. With an annual ridership of over 2. Since , the growth of rapid transit systems in Chinese cities has accelerated.

There were approximately airports in , with around planned by China has over 2, river and seaports , about of which are open to foreign shipping. Water supply and sanitation infrastructure in China is facing challenges such as rapid urbanization, as well as water scarcity, contamination, and pollution.

The national census of recorded the population of the People's Republic of China as approximately 1,,, About Given concerns about population growth, China implemented a two-child limit during the s, and, in , began to advocate for an even stricter limit of one child per family. Beginning in the mid s, however, given the unpopularity of the strict limits, China began to allow some major exemptions, particularly in rural areas, resulting in what was actually a "1.

The next major loosening of the policy was enacted in December , allowing families to have two children if one parent is an only child. According to one group of scholars, one-child limits had little effect on population growth [] or the size of the total population. Their own counterfactual model of fertility decline without such restrictions implies that China averted more than million births between and , a number which may reach one billion by given all the lost descendants of births averted during the era of fertility restrictions, with one-child restrictions accounting for the great bulk of that reduction.

The policy, along with traditional preference for boys, may have contributed to an imbalance in the sex ratio at birth. China legally recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, who altogether comprise the Zhonghua Minzu. There are as many as living languages in China. Korean is spoken natively along the border with North Korea.

Sarikoli , the language of Tajiks in western Xinjiang , is an Indo-European language. Taiwanese aborigines , including a small population on the mainland, speak Austronesian languages. Standard Mandarin , a variety of Mandarin based on the Beijing dialect , is the official national language of China and is used as a lingua franca in the country between people of different linguistic backgrounds. Chinese characters have been used as the written script for the Sinitic languages for thousands of years.

They allow speakers of mutually unintelligible Chinese varieties to communicate with each other through writing. In , the government introduced simplified characters , which have supplanted the older traditional characters in mainland China. Chinese characters are romanized using the Pinyin system. Tibetan uses an alphabet based on an Indic script.

Uyghur is most commonly written in Persian alphabet -based Uyghur Arabic alphabet. The Mongolian script used in China and the Manchu script are both derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet.

Zhuang uses both an official Latin alphabet script and a traditional Chinese character script. China has urbanized significantly in recent decades. China has over cities with a population of over one million, [] including the 10 megacities [] cities with a population of over 10 million of Chongqing , Shanghai , Beijing , Chengdu , Harbin , Guangzhou , Tianjin , Shenzhen , Wuhan , Shijiazhuang and Suzhou.

The large " floating populations " of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult; [] the figures below include only long-term residents. Since , compulsory education in China comprises primary and junior secondary school , which together last for nine years. In , 27 percent of secondary school graduates are enrolled in higher education. In February , the government pledged to provide completely free nine-year education, including textbooks and fees.

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