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A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of stakea in warfareand is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin fortis "strong" and facere "to make". From very early history to modern times, defensive walls hamjer often been necessary for cities to survive in an ever-changing world of invasion and conquest. Some settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization were the first small cities to be fortified.
In ancient Greecelarge stone walls had been built in Mycenaean Greecesuch as the ancient site of Mycenae famous for the huge stone blocks of its ' cyclopean ' walls. A Greek phrourion was a fortified collection of buildings used as a military garrisonand is the equivalent of the Roman castellum or English fortress. These constructions mainly served the purpose of a watch tower, to guard certain roads, passes, and borders.
Though smaller than a real fortress, hammer for wooden stakes youtube acted as a border yputube rather than a real strongpoint to watch and maintain the hammer for wooden stakes youtube. The art of setting out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called " castrametation " since the time of the Roman legions.
Fortification is usually divided into two branches: permanent fortification and field fortification. There is also an intermediate branch known as semi-permanent fortification. Castles are fortifications which are regarded as being distinct from the generic fort or fortress in that they are a residence of a monarch or noble and command a specific defensive territory.
Roman forts and hill forts were the main antecedents of castles qooden Europewhich emerged in the 9th century in the Carolingian Empire. The Early Middle Ages saw the creation of some towns built around castles. Medieval-style fortifications were largely made obsolete by the arrival of cannons in the 14th century.
Fortifications in the age of black powder evolved into much lower structures with greater use of ditches and earth ramparts that would absorb and disperse the energy of cannon fire.
Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were very vulnerable, so the walls were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes to improve protection. The arrival of explosive shells in the 19th century led to yet another stage in the evolution of fortification. Star forts did not fare well against the effects of high explosive, and the intricate arrangements of bastions, hammer for wooden stakes youtube batteries and the carefully constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly disrupted by explosive shells.
Steel -and- concrete fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The advances in modern warfare since World War I have made large-scale fortifications obsolete in most situations. Many United States Army installations are known as fortsalthough they are not always fortified. Indeed, during the pioneering era of North America, many outposts on the frontiers, even non-military outposts, were referred to generically as staks.
Larger military installations may be called fortresses ; smaller ones were once known as fortalices. The word fortification can also refer to the hammer for wooden stakes youtube of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are fortifications but are not necessarily called fortresses.
The art of setting out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called castrametation since the time of the Roman legions. In some texts this latter term also applies to the art of building a fortification. Permanent fortifications are erected at leisure, with all the resources that a state can supply of constructive and mechanical skill, and are built of enduring materials.
Field fortifications—for example breastworks —and often known as fieldworks or earthworksare extemporized by troops in the field, perhaps assisted by such local labour and tools as may be procurable and with materials that do not require much preparation, such as earthbrushwood and light timberor sandbags see sangar. An example of field fortification [1] was the construction of Fort Necessity by George Washington in An example of this is the construction of Roman forts in England and in other Roman territories where camps were set up with the intention of staying for some time, but not permanently.
Castles are fortifications which are regarded as being distinct from the generic fort or fof in that it hammer for wooden stakes youtube a residence of a monarch or noble and commands a specific defensive territory. An example of this is the massive medieval castle of Carcassonne.
From very early history to modern times, walls have been a necessity for many cities. In Bulgarianear the town of Provadia a walled fortified settlement today called Solnitsata starting from BC had a diameter of about feet meterswas home to people living in two-storey houses, and was encircled by a fortified wooven.
The huge walls around the settlement, which were built very tall and with stone blocks which are 6 feet 2 meters high and 4. The Ancient Egyptians also built fortresses on the frontiers of the Nile Valley to protect against invaders from neighbouring territories, as well as circle-shaped mud brick walls around their cities.
Many of the fortifications of the ancient world were built with mud brick, often leaving them no more than mounds of dirt for today's archaeologists. A massive prehistoric stone wall surrounded the ancient temple of Ness of Brodgar BC hammer for wooden stakes youtube Scotland.
Named the "Great Wall of Brodgar" it was four metres thick and four metres tall. The wall had some symbolic or ritualistic function. Some settlements in the Sooden Valley Civilization were also fortified. By about BC, hundreds of small farming villages dotted the Indus floodplain.
Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets. The stone and mud brick houses of Kot Diji were clustered behind massive stone flood dykes and defensive walls, for neighbouring communities bickered constantly about the control of prime hammer for wooden stakes youtube land. Archaeology has revealed various Bronze age bastions and foundations constructed of stone together with either baked or unfired brick. In Bronze Age Maltasome settlements also began to be fortified.
Babylon was one of the most famous cities of the ancient world, especially as a result of the building program of Nebuchadnezzarwho expanded fot walls and built the Ishtar Gate. Exceptions were few—notably, ancient Sparta and ancient Rome did hammer for wooden stakes youtube have walls for a long time, choosing to rely on their militaries for defence instead. Initially, these fortifications were simple constructions of wood and Hammer For Wooden Stakes earth, which were later replaced by mixed constructions of stones piled on top of each other without mortar.
In classical era Greecethe city hammer for wooden stakes youtube Athens built two parallel stone walls, called the Long Wallsthat reached their fortified seaport at Piraeus hammer for wooden stakes youtube few miles away.
In Central Europethe Celts built large fortified settlements known woodn oppidawhose walls seem partially hammer for wooden stakes youtube by those built in the Mediterranean. The fortifications were continuously being expanded and improved. Around BC, in Heuneburg youttube, Germany, forts were constructed with a limestone foundation supported by a mudbrick wall approximately 4 metres tall, youutube topped by a roofed walkway, thus reaching a total height of 6 metres.
The wall was clad with lime plaster, regularly renewed. Towers hammer for wooden stakes youtube outwards from it. The settlement was founded in the 3rd century BC and existed until c. At that time, 5, to 10, people lived within its 7. The oppidum of Bibracte is another example of a Gaulish fortified settlement. The walls enclosed all the seven hills of Rome plus the Campus Martius and, on hammer for wooden stakes youtube right bank of the Tiberthe Trastevere district. The river banks within the city limits appear to have been left unfortified, although they were fortified along the Campus Martius.
The full circuit ran for 19 kilometres 12 mi surrounding ztakes area of The walls were constructed in brick-faced concrete, 3. In the 5th century, remodelling doubled the height of the walls to 16 metres 52 ft. By AD, the circuit possessed towers, 7, crenellations18 main gates, 5 postern gateslatrinesand 2, large external Mallet Or Hammer For Tent Stakes Rate windows. The Romans fortified their cities with massive, mortar-bound stone woodden. The most famous of these are the largely extant Aurelian Walls of Rome and the Theodosian Walls of Constantinopletogether with partial remains elsewhere.
Numerous Indus Valley Civilization sites exhibit evidences of fortifications. While Dholavira has stone-built fortification walls, Harrapa is fortified using baked bricks; sites such as Kalibangan exhibit mudbrick fortifications with bastions and Lothal has a quadrangular fortified layout. Evidence also suggested of fortifications in Mohenjo-daro. Even a small town hammer for wooden stakes youtube for instance, Kotada Bhadli, exhibiting sophisticated fortification-like bastions — shows that nearly all major and minor towns of the Indus Valley Civilization were fortified.
The earliest vedic brick fortification occurs in one of the stupa mounds of Lauria Nandangarh, which is 1. A large majority of forts in India are in North India. Large tempered earth i. Although youtub walls were built in China woodwn the Warring States — BCmass conversion to stone architecture did not begin in earnest until the Tang dynasty — AD. The Great Wall of China had been built since the Qin dynasty — BCalthough its present form was mostly an engineering feat and remodelling of hammed Ming dynasty — AD.
In addition to the Great Wall, a number of Chinese cities also employed the use of defensive walls to defend their cities. The hammer for wooden stakes youtube walls of the Forbidden City in Beijing were established in the early hammer for wooden stakes youtube century by the Yongle Emperor.
The Forbidden City made up the inner portion of the Beijing city fortifications. During the Hammer for wooden stakes youtube Era several forts and outposts were built throughout the archipelago. Most notable is Intramurosthe old walled city of Manila located along the southern bank of the Pasig River.
Of all the buildings within the acre city, only one building, the San Agustin Church, survived the war. The Hammer for wooden stakes youtube people of the northern islands of Batanes built their so-called idjang on hills and elevated areas [22] hammer for wooden stakes youtube protect themselves during times of war.
These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders arrived. The Igorots built forts hammer for wooden stakes youtube of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around BC. The Muslim Filipinos of the south built strong fortresses called kota or moong to protect their communities.
Usually, many of the occupants of these kotas are entire families rather than just warriors. Lords often had their own kotas to assert their right to rule, it served not only as a military installation but as a palace for the local Lord. It is said that at the height of the Maguindanao Sultanate's power, they blanketed the areas around Western Mindanao with Kotas and other fortifications to block the Spanish advance into the region.
These kotas were usually made of stone and bamboo or other light materials and surrounded by trench networks. As a result, some of these kotas were burned easily of destroyed. With further Spanish campaigns in the region, the Sultanate was subdued and majority of Kotas dismantled or destroyed.
Kotas were not only used by the Muslims as defense against Spaniards and other foreigners, renegades and rebels also built fortifications in hammer for wooden stakes youtube of other chiefs hammer for wooden stakes youtube the area.
During Muhammad's era in Arabia, many tribes made use of fortifications. In the Battle of the Trenchthe largely outnumbered defenders of Medina, mainly Muslims led by Islamic prophet Muhammaddug hammer for wooden stakes youtube trench, which together with Medina's natural fortifications, rendered the confederate cavalry consisting of horses and camels useless, locking tsakes two sides in a stalemate.
Hoping to make several attacks at once, the confederates hammer for wooden stakes youtube the Medina-allied Banu Qurayza to attack the city from the south. However, Muhammad's diplomacy derailed the hhammer, and broke up the confederacy against hammer.
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