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RIB Routing Information Base contains complete routing information, including static routes and policy routing rules configured by the user, routing information learned from routing protocols, information about connected networks. RIB is used to filter routing information, calculate best route for each destination prefix, build and update Forwarding Information Base and to distribute routes between different routing protocols.

By default forwarding decision is based only on router table and router combo exception value of destination address.

Each route has dst-address property, that specifies all destination addresses this route can be used for. If there are several routes that apply to a particular IP address, the most specific one with largest netmask is used. This operation finding the most specific route that matches given address is called routing table lookup.

If routing router table and router combo Router Table And Router Combo Uk 100 exception contains several routes with the same dst-addressonly one of them can be used to forward packets. This route is installed into FIB and marked as active. When forwarding decision uses additional information, such as a source address of the packet, it is called policy routing.

Policy routing is implemented as a list of policy routing rulesthat select different routing table based on destination address, source address, source interface, and routing mark can be changed by firewall mangle rules of the packet.

All routes by default are kept in the main routing table. Routes can be assigned to specific routing table by setting their routing-mark property to the name of another routing table. Routing tables are referenced by their name, and are created automatically when they are referenced in the configuration.

Each routing table can have only one active route for each value of dst-address IP prefix. Route with dst-address 0. Such route is called the default route. If routing table contains an active default route, then routing table lookup in this table will never fail. RIB tracks status of connected routes, but does not modify them. For each connected route there is one ip address item such that:. Because results of the forwarding decision are cached, Ryobi Router Table And Router Combo Up packets with the same source address, destination address, source interface, routing mark and ToS are sent to the same gateway.

This means that ECMP route does not perform pure per-connection balancing, but it can be used to load balance connections if at least one of previously mentioned parameters is different than previous connection. See interface bonding if you need to achieve per-packet load balancing. To implement some setups, router table and router combo exception as load balancing, it might be necessary to use more router table and router combo exception one path to given destination.

However, it is not possible to have more than one active route to destination in a single routing table. ECMP Equal cost multi-path routes have multiple gateway nexthop values. All reachable nexthops are copied to FIB and used in forwarding packets. Value of gateway can be specified as an interface name instead of the nexthop IP address. Such route has following special properties:.

Each routing table can have one active route for each destination prefix. This route is installed into FIB. Active route is selected from all candidate routes with the same dst-address and routing-markthat meet the criteria for becoming an active route.

There can be multiple such routes from different routing protocols and from static configuration. Candidate route with the lowest distance becomes an active route. If there is more than one candidate route with the same distanceselection of active route is arbitrary except for BGP routes. BGP has the most complicated selection process described router table and router combo exception separate article. Notice that this protocol-internal selection is done only after BGP routes are installed in the main routing table; this means there can be one candidate route from each BGP peer.

Routes that are installed in the FIB need to have interface associated with each gateway address. Gateway address nexthop has to be directly reachable via this interface. Interface that should be used to send out packets to each gateway address is found by doing nexthop lookup. Some routes e. To install such routes in the FIB, it is necessary to find the address of the directly reachable gateway an immediate nexthopthat should be used to reach the gateway address of this route.

Immediate nextop addresses are also found by doing nexthop lookup. Router table and router combo exception lookup is done router table and router combo exception in the main routing table, even for routes with different value of routing-mark.

It is necessary to restrict set of routes that can be used to look up immediate nexthops. Nexthop values of RIP or OSPF routes, for example, are supposed to be directly reachable and should be looked up only using connected routes.

This is achieved using scope and target-scope properties. FIB Forwarding Information Base contains copy of information that is necessary for packet forwarding:. By default when no routing-mark values are used all active routes are in the main table, and there is only one hidden implicit rule "catch all" rule that uses the main table for all destination lookups.

Results of routing decision are remembered in the routing cache. This is done to improve forwarding performance. When another packet with the same source address, destination address, source interface, routing mark and ToS is routed, cached results are used. This also allows to implement load balancing using ECMP routes, because values used to lookup entry in the routing cache are the same for all packets that belong to the same connection and go in the same direction.

Rules that do not match current router table and router combo exception are ignored. If rule has action drop or unreachablethen it is returned as a result of the routing decision process. If action is lookup then destination address of the packet is looked up in routing table that is specified in the rule. If lookup fails there is no route that matches destination address of packetthen FIB proceeds to the next rule. These properties contain information that is used by BGP router table and router combo exception protocol.

However, values of these properties can be set for any type of route, including static and connected. It can be done either manually for static routes or using route filters. Jump to: navigationsearch. Categories : Manual Router table and router combo exception Case Studies.

Navigation menu Personal tools Log in. Namespaces Manual Discussion. Views Read View source View history. Navigation Main Page Recent changes. This page was last edited on 22 Octoberat Such routes can also be created manually. Routes with interface as a gateway Value of gateway can be specified as an interface name instead of the nexthop IP address. Such route has following special properties: Unlike router table and router combo exception routes, routes with interface nexthops are not used for nexthop router table and router combo exception. It is possible to assign several interfaces as a value of gatewayand create ECMP route.

It is not possible to have connected route with multiple gateway values. Route selection Each routing table can have one active route for each destination prefix.

Criteria for selecting candidate routes To participate in route selection process, route has to meet following criteria: route is not disabled. Routes that are rejected by route filter have distance value of If type of route is unicast and it is not a connected route, it must have at least one reachable nexthop.

Nexthop lookup Nexthop lookup is a part of the route selection process. Routes with interface name as the value of gateway are not used for nexthop lookup. If route has both interface nexthops and active IP address nexthops, then interface nexthops are ignored.

Routes with scope greater than the maximum accepted value are not used for router table and router combo exception lookup. Each route specifies maximum accepted scope value for it's nexthops in the target-scope property. Default value of this property allows nexthop lookup only through connected routes, with the exception of iBGP router table and router combo exception that have larger default value and can lookup nexthop also through IGP and static routes.

Interface and immediate nexthop are selected based on the result of nexthop lookup: If most specific active route that nexthop lookup finds is connected route, then interface of this connected route is used as the nexthop interface, and this gateway is marked as reachable. Since gateway is directly reachable through this interface that's exactly what connected route meansthe gateway address is used as the immediate nexthop address.

If most specific active route that nexthop lookup finds has nexthop that is already resolved, immediate nexthop address and interface is copied from that nexthop and this gateway is marked as recursive. If most specific active route that nexthop lookup finds is ECMP route, then it uses first gateway of that route that Ryobi Router Table And Router Combo Usb is not unreachable. If nexthop lookup does not find any route, then this gateway is marked as unreachable.

Forwarding Information Base FIB Forwarding Information Base contains copy of information router table and router combo exception is necessary for packet forwarding: all active routes policy routing rules By default when no routing-mark values are used all active routes are in the main table, and there is only one hidden implicit rule "catch all" rule that uses the main table for all destination lookups.

Routing table lookup FIB uses following information from packet to determine it's destination: source address destination address source interface routing mark ToS not used by RouterOS in policy routing rules, but it is a part of routing cache lookup key Possible routing decisions are: receive packet locally discard packet either silently or by sending ICMP message to the sender of the packet send packet to specific IP address on specific interface Results of routing decision are remembered in the routing cache.

If there is no routing cache entry for this packet, it is created by running routing decision: check that packet has to be locally delivered destination address is address of the router process implicit policy routing rules process policy routing rules added by user process implicit catch-all rule that looks up destination in the main routing table return result is "network unreachable" Result of routing decision can be:.

Otherwise: if type of the route is blackholeprohibit or unreachablethen return this action as the routing decision result; if this is a connected route, or route with an interface as the gateway value, then return this interface and the destination address of the packet as the routing decision result; if this route has IP address as the value of gatewaythen return this address and associated interface as the routing decision result; if this route has multiple values of nexthop, then pick one of them in round robin fashion.

Result of this routing decision is stored in new routing cache entry. Configuration item is disabled. It does router table and router combo exception have any effect on other routes and is not used by forwarding or routing protocols in any way. Configuration item created by software, not by management interface. It is not exported, and cannot be directly modified. Router table and router combo exception packet forwarded by this route.

Notify sender with ICMP host unreachable type 3 code 1 message. Notify sender with ICMP communication administratively prohibited type 3 code 13 message. If no response from gateway is received for 10 seconds, request times out.

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