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lewis-lumber-products-pictured-rocks-quiz A host-it was often a chief or an important person of some kind-would invite people from his tribe or from other tribes in the area. You have nothing to fear when working with us. Many are native speakers and able to perform any task for which you need help. Student B: Exhibits? My paper was plagiarism free despite placing an urgent assignment with you. Okay, let's lewis lumber products pictured rocks quiz a trip back in time; let's go back to the early part of the twentieth century. Today, though, I'd like to spend a little time discussing another class of drugs.

Okay, now it's the 's. These projects include road building. In , the first "superhighway" opens. It's called the Pennsylvania Turnpike. You may have traveled on it yourself and not found it. However, at the time it opened, it was known as "the dream road. By , there are over 50 million vehicles on the road. In , Dwight David Eisenhower-he's the president of the United States by now-he proposes a system of superhighways. This system would basically connect all of the major cities in the United States.

Of course, Eisenhower has been interested in roads for a long time. There were two events that. One is his wartime experience. He was commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, and he saw, uh, the advantage that the efficient German autobahn system-the German superhighway system-he saw the advantage this gave Germany during the war. The other event? It's that long, hard trip he took across the country back in So, in Congress passes the Federal Highway Act, and the first section of the Interstate system is built in Kansas-Eisenhower's home state.

The system is supposed to be completed by , but it's not finished, as I said, until the 's. The Interstate Highway System has had just a. It's created millions of jobs.

It's provided an incredibly efficient system for moving people and transporting goods around the country-and because of that, it's contributed to the decline of the railroads. Because of the safety factors that were built into the system, it's probably saved thousands of lives.

It's helped create the suburbs that surround every U. Now, it's true, there were suburbs before there were Interstate highways, but the Interstate system has helped accelerate their growth because. Now don't get me wrong-not all the effects of this superhighway system have been, well, positive, especially in urban areas.

There have been whole neighborhoods destroyed to make way for roads. Just in Seattle, for example, thousands of homes were destroyed to make way for Interstate 5. Whole neighborhoods were. There was opposition, there were protests. In Boston in , an anti-highway group successfully blocked the building of a highway called the Inner Belt. Another group stopped the building of an Interstate highway through San Francisco.

And remember that trip from Washington to San Francisco in that took Eisenhower 62 days? Today, you can make that same trip in just 72 hours! Narrator: Question Which of the following caused the decline of roads in the United States in the nineteenth century?

Narrator: Question According to the speaker, which of these influenced the way President Eisenhower thought about highways? Narrator: Question When was the Interstate Highway system originally supposed to have been completed? Narrator: Question Which of the following is not given as an effect of the Interstate Highway System? Narrator: Question In which of these cities were Interstate Highway projects blocked by protests?

Narrator: Listen to a discussion among students preparing a presentation for an architecture class. Student A: Okay, so.

Student B: Umm, let me check. But we have to hand in a. Student C: And this presentation counts for. I think it's a fourth of our grade, so we need to do a good job. Student A: Right. So, either of you do any research, or decide what kind of housing we should talk about? Student C: Well, I. I looked at a couple of Web sites on the Internet, and paged through some journals, but.

I didn't really come up with much of anything. How about you, Joyce? Student B: As a matter of fact, ummm, I have some. I guess you could call it indirect experience with one type of alternative housing.

I think I told you my uncle owns a construction company, and, okay, last year, he had these clients, this couple come to him and say they wanted him to help them build the kind of house called an earthship. They showed him the plans and. Student C: An earthship! That sounds like. Student B: Yeah, I guess it does! Student A: So, uh, what's so interesting about earthships?

Student B: Well, for one thing, they're made almost entirely out of recycled materials. In fact, the main building materials are old tires and aluminum cans.

The outer walls consist of used tires packed with soil. Then you take the aluminum cans and tuck them between the tires and then. Student C: You're kidding. I mean, I. Student B: I know, I know, they don't sound that attractive, not at all, but, uh, you can finish the interior, the inside of the earthship any way you want.

You can finish the walls with plaster and paint them, or you can use wood panels. I've seen pictures of the one my uncle built, and it's full of plants and art and, and believe me, it looks really nice.

Student A: Well, Maxwell should love them-you know how she feels about building with recycled materials. Student B: Yeah, but that's not all. They also use. They generate their own electricity from solar panels-these are up on the roof. Student A: Really? How do they do that? Student B: Well, earthships are basically shaped like the letter U.

The three walls made of tires are on the west, north, and east sides. The open part of the U, which is on the south side, is made of glass windows, and they're. Student A: Yeah, this definitely sounds like the kind of house Maxwell would love. Student C: What about costs? How much does an earthship cost? Student B: Well, you know. Earthships are a real bargain. My uncle's clients got a small "nest" for. Student C: Umm, what do you mean, a "nest? Course, you can spend a lot more if you build a big, fancy one.

Student C: Well, I vote we do our presentation on earthships, then, since Joyce already knows a lot about them, and they, uh, they sound pretty interesting to me too. Student A: I'll go along with that.

Like I say, I think Maxwell will love them, and she's the one who gives the grade. Student C: Joyce, if you can get me some plans, I bet I could build a small model before we give our presentation.

Student B: Well, detailed plans are pretty expensive, but I can probably get you some photos of the earthship that my uncle helped build. Student C: That's probably all I'd need, as long as they show the house from all sides.

Student A: But would you have time to make a model before the presentation? Student C: Oh, I'm sure I can. I can make a simple architectural model of just about anything in a coupla days. Narrator: Question How did Joyce get most of her information about earthships? Narrator: Question Which of these are not one of the main building materials used to construct earthships? Narrator: Question Which of the walls of an earthship is made of glass?

Narrator: Question What is meant by the term nest? Narrator: Question Why does Joyce call earthships "a real bargain"? Narrator: Question What will the students probably bring to the presentation? Narrator: Listen to a lecture in a political science class. Professor: Afternoon. How's everyone today? So, we've spent the best part of the last couple weeks going over the structure of the federal government. Today, as promised, we're going to take a look at the structure of the states, of the individual state governments in the United States.

There are two main types of government. Under the unitary system, the national government, the central government has a great deal of control over the regional and local governments. For example, the central government may completely control the budgets of the provinces, the states, the departments, whatever the political subdivisions are called.

The national president may appoint the governors of these regional units. Actually, most of the national governments in the world are of this type: unitary. The other type, the other system of government is the federal system. Under this system, the constituent parts of the nation have a great deal of power. Only about twenty-four, twenty-five nations in the world are considered to have federal systems.

The oldest one of these is the United States. The reason that the U. Before independence, the thirteen British colonies were ruled separately. People from the colony of Virginia, for example, considered themselves Virginians, really, not Americans. So then, after the Revolutionary War, the former colonies.

When the states signed the Constitution, they surrendered some of their sovereign powers but. Switzerland comes to mind, the Swiss states, they're actually called cantons there, they have a great deal of power, too. But, if you look at other countries. France has always had a very centralized system of government. Paris has traditionally controlled everything. Now, this may be becoming less true-there's been some decentralization in recent years-but still, it's a unitary system.

And if you look at the United Kingdom, well, local governments there have a fair amount of power, but. Britain is divided into regions, but these regions have no real governments to speak of. Again, maybe someday soon they will, but for now, we'd have to consider the U. So anyway, my point here is, compared to most comparable political units around the world, the U.

What kind of powers do the states have? They collect taxes. What else? Well, they're involved in education. Mostly with higher education. All the states operate a state university system. Elementary schools, secondary schools, those are mostly controlled by local school boards. Now, as we said earlier, the structure of the federal government, the rules for operating the federal government, these are determined by the U. Likewise, each state has its own constitution that determines its structure.

Massachusetts has the oldest constitution. In fact, it's older than the national constitution. Granted, it's been changed some since then, but it's, it's really the same document that was adopted in We said the federal government was divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Same is true of the states. The chief of the executive branch is called the governor, as you no doubt know.

The governor-this is true in all the states-is elected for a four-year term. In about half the states, the governor can serve only two terms, in about half he can serve as many as he wants.

In one state-Virginia-the governor can only serve one term. The state legislatures serve the same purpose as the U. Members of the legislature are elected. They make laws, they set tax rates, and in all of the states except Oregon, they can impeach-know what I mean, they can throw out the governor. Like the U.

Congress, state legislatures have a. This means they are divided into two bodies, two houses. The upper house is called the state senate, the lower house, well, it has different names, depending on what state you're in. Oh, and, uh, when I said every state has a bicameral legislature, I should have said all but one of them do.

Nebraska is the exception, Nebraska is unique because it has only one house. State supreme courts. Supreme Court does. In some states, they are elected, in some states they are appointed by the governor or the legislature.

In most states, they serve terms of 8 to 10 years, but in Rhode Island, they're appointed for life. Next up. I'm going to pass out copies of the Ohio State Constitution in just a minute but. Narrator: Question What does the professor say about the unitary system of government?

Narrator: Question What does the professor say about Switzerland? Narrator: Question According to the professor, which of the following is mainly responsible for primary and secondary education in the United States? Narrator: Question Which of these states has the oldest constitution? Narrator: Question What is the maximum time that a governor of Virginia can serve? Narrator: Question What is unique about the state legislature of Nebraska?

Professor: Yeah, you're right, it's the hula-um, you don't have to say hula dance, actually, because the word hula means dance in Hawaiian, in the Hawaiian language. Has anyone ever seen this dance performed, or know anything about it? Student B: Well, I've seen a coupla TV shows and movies about Hawaii, and, um, it seems to me, that usually when you see the hula, it's done by women in long grass skirts. Professor: Laura? Student A: When I was a little kid, I.

I remember being fascinated by. Professor: Yeah, and you know, those body movements and gestures, they all have meaning. The dancers use these to tell stories. But, uh, what I want to emphasize, really emphasize, is the fact that the hula that's performed today for tourists, the one you see at hotels and cultural shows, is very different from the traditional hula, the one that was performed hundreds of years ago.

Modern hula is called hula auane. The old style, traditional hula, is called hula kahiko. Student A: Hundreds of years ago. I didn't realize it was such an old dance! Professor: Yeah, and as a matter of fact, we don't even know exactly how old the hula is. We do know that when Captain Cook visited the islands in the 's-he was the first European to go there. He wrote in his journal how much he enjoyed it. We also know that one of the queens of Hawaii established a royal school of hula over years ago.

Back then, both men and women took part in the dance. There were two types of performers. There were young performers, called olapa, which means "graceful ones" in Hawaiian.

These were the dancers, the ones that actually performed the dance. Then there were older performers called h'oa-paa, which means "steady ones.

Apparently back then hula ceremonies could get quite wild! But all that changed in I said Monday that Whitman became famous all over the country and in Europe as well.

He was really the first American poet who was read much outside the United States. Dickinson was well known only in her own small town-in those days, it was just a village-Amherst, Massachusetts.

But she wasn't known there for her poetry. Oh, no! She was known for her. You see, after she finished high school she went to the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary-today, it, uh, it's called Mount Holyoke College-but she only went there for one year. She didn't get along with the headmistress, apparently. After that, she returned to her father's house in Amherst-and she hardly ever left.

In fact, she hardly left her own bedroom. And when she did leave the house, she always wore white dresses like a bride. Outside of her family, her only person-to-person contact with others was with the children who lived in her neighborhood. This, uh, may not seem all that odd to us today, but. For a woman who lived such an uneventful life-at least, her life was uneventful on the surface-she wrote amazingly perceptive poems about nature, love, and death. Her poems are all quite short and are all untitled.

What I like about them the most is their economy. She was able to say so much, to express so much in so few words. She was an extremely prolific poet. Just in one year alone, that was the year her father died-she wrote, like, poems.

But she never wanted her poems to be published. Well, she did engage in a kind of self-publishing. She assembled collections of her poems in packets that were called "fascicles," which she bound herself with needle and thread. There were some forty of these booklets. But she never tried to have these.

She did send a few of her poems to friends and relatives, and somehow, six or seven of these found their way into print in magazines or newspapers during her lifetime. You can imagine, though, how she felt when she heard that her poems had been published.

After Emily Dickinson died in , her family discovered that she had written over 1, poems. Her sister Lavinia edited three volumes of Emily's poetry. They were popular as soon as they were published, but it was not until the twentieth century that critics recognized her as one of the top American poets. Martha Dickinson Bianchi, the poet's niece, brought out several more books of poems in the early 's. Eventually all of them appeared in print. In , Harvard University bought all of her manuscripts and acquired the publishing rights to all of her poems.

Harvard published a complete three-volume collection of her poems and letters five years later. Okay, for Friday, I'd like you to read all of Dickinson's poems that are in our textbook. There are about twenty, maybe twenty-five of her poems in there.

Don't worry, though. That may sound like a lot of reading, but it shouldn't take you long! Friday, we'll take a closer look at her poems. Before we move on to another topic, I'd just like to say this: These days, a lot of scholars downplay Dickinson's, um, eccentric lifestyle.

They point out that she was not as intellectually cut off as people used to think, that she had a lively relationship with others through her letters-and that she was quite learned about other writers, such as John Keats and John Ruskin. But, there's no doubt that she lived in relative isolation and that she did not want to be in the public eye. I'm going to leave you with the first verse of one of her most famous poems:I'm nobody!

Who are you? Are you nobody, too? Then there's a pair of us-don't tell! They'd banish us, you know. Narrator: Question 5: Why does the professor mention the poet Walt Whitman?

Narrator: Question 6: Why does the professor mention Harvard University? Narrator: Question 7: Which of the following best summarizes the professor's attitude toward Emily Dickinson? Narrator: Question 8: How does the professor conclude her discussion of Emily Dickinson? Narrator: Listen to a lecture in an art history class. Professor: Morning. Today I'm going to take a few minutes to talk about folk art. I, uh, know this isn't on your syllabus, but I saw a wonderful exhibit of folk art from the eighteenth and nineteenth century at the Hotchkiss Museum over the weekend, and I'd like to share my impressions of this exhibit with you.

First off, I should tell you that there's, umm, some disagreement in the art world about what is meant by the term folk art. European folklorists, in particular, take the position that folk art must be part of a. They say it must have been created by artists from a distinct group, say, oh, American Indians, Australian aborigines-or that it must have been made by people from some particular occupation-say, uh, sailors on whaling ships.

These European folklorists would generally not say. They would also, um, disqualify pieces made by groups, not by individuals. Folklorists in the United States, though-not just folklorists, also museums and galleries-don't take such a narrow view-and I must say, I think the European way of looking at folk art is way too restrictive.

Among most American folklorists. And, uh, in the catalogue for this exhibit, there's a little essay written by the curator of the Hotchkiss, and he says, "A folk artist is someone who would be surprised to find his or her pieces on display in a museum. Anyway, lots of pieces on display at the museum would probably be considered crafts by European folklorists. Some pieces were made by groups, some were even made in factories-for example, the wooden animals for carousels. The exhibit features lots of different kinds of folk art.

There are paintings-portraits and landscapes-that were created to be works of art. But most of the pieces have some utilitarian, some commercial purpose. There's furniture, plates and pots, clothing, clocks. There's a sign in the shape of a tea kettle that was once in front of a tea shop in Boston.

More often, there were painted images. Sometimes the images weren't so. For example, there were signs that pictured an American Indian, a Turkish sultan, a, let's see, an exotic Cuban lady, and a racetrack gambler. All of these images symbolized the same kind of shop. At the time, people instantly recognized these symbols.

Maybe they couldn't read, but they had what's called visual literacy. Visual literacy. These symbols were as meaningful to them. Sometimes signs contained political messages. So, the king is pictured on this sign as a clumsy fool practically falling off his horse. Oh, another thing to keep in mind: back in Colonial times, many streets didn't have names, and most buildings didn't have numbers. Trade signs served as landmarks.

People would say, "Meet me by the sign of the Lion and the Eagle," or "by the sign of the Dancing Bear". If you go to the exhibit and you look at the trade signs, you'll notice that there are almost no plaques that tell you who painted the signs. There are maybe three, four signed pieces in the show-the sign-painter William Rice of Hartford, Connecticut was one of the few who signed his work. A few of the signs in the exhibit were done by fairly well-known portrait artists.

Horace Bundy, Rufus Hathaway, who made signs for extra money. Their styles are distinctive, and the signs they made can be easily identified. But most of the sign painters. Well, I want to get back to our discussion of Renaissance art, but I do hope all of you get a chance to see the exhibit at the Hotchkiss.

Narrator: Question 9: How does the professor introduce his discussion of folk art? Narrator: Question Why does the professor mention wooden carousel horses? Narrator: Question How does the professor explain the concept of "visual literacy"? Narrator: loses oxygen and hydrogen atoms, leaving a deposit with a high percentage of carbon.

When this happens, you get peat bogs-in other words, you, uh, you get wetlands full of this muck, this, umm, partly decayed vegetable matter that's called peat. Okay, so now you've got these great peat bogs and over time, layers of sand and mud from the water settle over this gooey mass of peat. The deposits grow thicker and thicker and this in turn means the pressure gets. The water is squeezed out, the deposits are compressed and, uh, hardened. And so you have-coal! There are different grades of coal.

Lignite-it's also called brown coal-is the lowest grade. By lowest grade, I mean it has the lowest percentage of carbon. It's often burned in furnaces to produce heat and to make electricity. Bituminous coal has a higher carbon content-and of course, less moisture. Bituminous coal is usually used for generating electricity. Anthracite is the highest. It's used mainly to produce coke. The anthracite is baked and, uh, distilled to make coke. Everyone knows what coke is, right?

It's almost pure carbon and is used in the manufacture of steel, mainly. One of the byproducts of. Coal tar is used to make a lot of different types of plastic.

It's also used to make some types of soap and shampoo. Oh, and I almost forgot about jet. Jet is a kind of compact lignite, and it's used to make jewelry. OK, we're going to talk about oil, about petroleum, next, but, uh, any questions about coal first? Narrator: Question 1: The lecturer discusses the steps involved in the creation of coal. Summarize this process by putting the steps in the proper order.

Narrator: Question 2: Match the form of coal with the type of industry that primarily uses it. Narrator: Listen to a discussion in an accounting seminar. Professor: Hello, everyone. As you can see from our course syllabus, our topic today is something called "GAAP.

There are different kinds of GAAP. There are GAAP for government organizations, for non-profit organizations, and for profit-making businesses. The principles we'll be looking at deal with for-profit entities, but they are really general principles that apply to almost any accounting system. Professor: It has the same purpose as standards in any field. If every business in one field used different standards-okay, imagine this. You go to the store to get a pound of coffee.

Then you go to another store and get another pound of coffee, and it weighs more than the first pound. Or you get a liter bottle of milk from one store, and it's much smaller than the liter bottle from another store. Some farmers are trying to bring these animals back now. Guest Lecturer: Right, well, heirloom crops-they're also called heritage crops-they're exactly the same.

These are varieties of plants that were grown 20, 40, years ago, but these days, only a few people grow them. Down in the southern part of Harrison County there are, oh, half a dozen small farms-Rainbow Valley, Cloverleaf Farms, Underwood Acres, and a handful of others-that are growing these heirloom crops.

They're growing this variety of watermelon, it's called Moon and Star melon-that was popular around I'll tell you, those melons are so sweet and juicy, you wonder why farmers ever stopped growing them! What else. These farmers are selling seeds over the Internet and they're selling their vegetables at farmers' markets, mostly.

Now, these heirloom crops, they're not as important yet as the other three crops I mentioned, but I'll tell you what, sales of these seeds and veggies are so hot right now that you've got a lot of other farmers in the area thinking about growing some heirlooms themselves.

All right, then, let's talk a bit about our top crop, which is wheat, as I said earlier. Now, according to the Department of Agriculture, there are seven types of wheat, depending on their texture and color.

You'll find three or four of those growing here in Harrison County. You get a lot of durum wheat here, that's probably the most common kind you'll see.

Durum is used for, mainly used for making pastaspaghetti, macaroni, linguini, and so on, all your types of pasta. Then there's soft white wheat, which is usually bought up by companies that make breakfast cereals.

The next time you're having your Toasty Wheat Squares in the morning, just think, they might be made with Harrison County wheat. And of course, you have hard red wheat, which makes wonderful bread flour. By the way, I brought some packets of tomato seeds from Rainbow Valley Farms-these are seeds for heirloom tomatoes called Better Boy Tomatoes-you'll notice the seed packages look like they came from around , too.

If any of you want to try your hand at growing some of these babies in your backyard, come on up after class and I'll give you a free packet of seeds. Narrator: Question 4: The lecturer mentions four types of crops that are grown in Harrison County. Rank these four types of crops in their order of economic importance, beginning with the most important.

Narrator: Question 5: Match the type of wheat with the product that is most often made from it. Narrator: Listen to a discussion in a modern history class. Professor: Okay, we're going to continue with "Explorers and Exploration Week.

Usually, you know, when we, uh, mention twentieth-century exploration, people naturally think about astronauts, cosmonauts. We think about the first man in orbit, the first man to walk on the moon, and so on. And, in fact, we will take a look at space exploration in our next class, but today, we're going to talk about explorers in the early part of the twentieth century.

Back then, the place to go if you were an explorer was. Tell me, has anyone ever read anything about the early exploration of Antarctica?

If, uh, the police or environmental officers record decibel levels higher than that, they'll give a warning the first time and after that, they could give the business owners a fine. And there's already a law that controls the decibel level for concerts at the stadium. After years of complaining that their window panes rattled during rock concerts, the people who live in the Stone Hill neighborhood over by the stadium, those neighbors got together and got the City Council to limit the sound level just outside the stadium to a maximum of decibels.

And, you know, there are good reasons why we should be concerned about high sound levels. About 10 million people in the United States have some sort of hearing loss due to excessive noise. A lot of this, it's caused by. People who operate heavy equipment, who work in noisy factories, farmers, miners. But some of the problem comes from loud, loud music.

The thing is, hearing loss is incremental, it, uh, happens bit by bit, so it's. Or you hear a buzzing sound? This is called tinnitus. Now, if you are at a really loud concert, or you go to a number of concerts in a short period, you may experience TTS-Temporary Threshold Shift. This means that you, uh, well, it means that you lose the ability to hear low-volume sounds.

Everything sounds. This can last a couple of hours or it can last all day. And unfortunately, noise exposure over a prolonged period can cause TTS to turn into a permanent condition called NIHL-noise-induced hearing loss. Anyway, what I wanted to tell you about today is an experiment that a group of students in my class did a couple of years ago.

It was their final project for my class. They borrowed this little sound-level meter of mine and took it to all sorts of musical venues. They went to a rock concert at the stadium-this was before the law was passed regulating sound levels there. There was a band called the Creatures playing, I think it was the Creatures.

From the seats they had-they sat pretty close to the stage-they measured a maximum decibel level of about when the band was playing. This level, decibels, is the high end of what is considered "musically useful. It's about as loud as a jet taking off when you're meters away.

Of course, the sound didn't just come from the music-the meter also measured the crowd noise, too, and rock concert crowds can get pretty loud. Still, I was a little surprised-I mean, given the size of these bands' amplifiers, I was a bit surprised that the sound levels weren't even higher. The students also took the meter to a classical concert, the University Philharmonic Symphony.

I'd estimate that if a full symphony orchestra plays flat-out as loud as they possibly can, you might get levels of about, oh, 95, decibels. The night the students went, though, the loudest level they recorded was only 85 decibels. During a violin solo, the level from their seats was only about 55 decibels. That's at the very low end of the "musically useful" range. At that level, you can barely hear the music over the sound of the ventilating system, and the, uh, the occasional cough.

Of course, at a classical concert, you're not going to have the audience noise that you would at a rock concert.

Beethoven fans are usually a little more restrained than rock fans. The loudest music the students recorded in a public place wasn't even live music. It was at a club over on State Street, Club I think it's closed now. Anyway, as I said, it wasn't live music, it was a disc jockey playing recorded music but. That's not considered "musically useful. The friend didn't realize they had their sound-level meter with them.

Anyway, he was playing a CD and cranked up the sound system to the maximum volume. This was the highest reading of all! It was over decibels, which is just this side of being considered "unbearable. Okay, well, I'm going to pass out a copy of the students' paper so you can see for yourself just how noisy your favorite places to hear music are.

Narrator: Question 8: The professor mentions several conditions caused by excessively loud music. Match the condition to the correct description of it. Narrator: Question 9: The professor lists several musical events at which her students recorded sound levels. List these events in the correct order based on volume, beginning with the highest volume. Professor: Well, I told you at the end of the last class that I thought you would enjoy the reading assignment that I gave you-was I right?

Yeah, I thought so. Let's, um, take a brief look at Poe's early life. He was born in Boston in He was an orphan, he was orphaned at an early age.

A businessman named John Allan unofficially adopted him. Allan took him to England when he was six, and Poe went to private school there. He came back to the United States in and in he went to the University of Virginia in Charlottesville for a year.

However, his adoptive father John Allan wasn't happy about the way Poe carried on at the university. He kept hearing stories that Poe was drinking and gambling all his money away. Allan came to Charlottesville and made Poe drop out and go to work as a bank clerk-as a bookkeeper, more or less. Well, Poe was young and artistic-he already considered himself a poet-and, as you can imagine, he hated this boring bank job. He did everything he could to get himself fired.

It didn't take long. After leaving his job, he wrote and published his first book of poems. Right after this, Poe returned to Boston and reconciled with John Allan. Allan decided that all Poe needed was some discipline, so he arranged for Poe to enter the U. Now, do you think Poe enjoyed the life of a cadet at the academy? You're right, he didn't like it any more than he'd liked working as a bank clerk, and he was tossed out of the school after just a few months for disobeying orders and for, um, generally neglecting his duties.

After this. He figured he'd done everything he could for his adopted son and so Allan completely disowned him. Poe was on his own. He moved to Baltimore-that's the city he's most closely associated with-and devoted himself to his writing.

Now, I'm not going to talk about Poe's later life right now, not until after we've had a chance to talk about some of his works, because. Poe's first love was poetry. He considered himself mainly a poet. In fact, he said that he wrote other works just to make money, money to live on while he wrote his poems. The poem that I asked you to read for this class is "The Raven," and it's definitely one of his most famous pieces.

Isn't it amazing how Poe creates such a sad and mysterious and downright scary mood in this poem? Several of themincluding this one-are considered classics of that genre. Today's horror writers, like Stephen King, owe Poe quite a debt. Again, in this story, Poe creates a gloomy, haunting mood, but the plot and characterization are outstanding. Finally, I asked you to read the short story "The Gold Bug. It was none other than Edgar Allan Poe. A lot of people think it was Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories, but Poe was writing this kind of story years before Doyle.

Okay, I'm going to read Poe's poem "The Raven" aloud. I want you to listen carefully to the rhythm of the poem, the rhymes, the sounds, just the sounds of Poe's words, and see how all these contribute to the meaning of the poem, how he builds this gloomy, almost desperate mood. Okay, ready? List these events from his life in the order in which they occurred.

Narrator: Question Match these works by Edgar AllanPoe with the type of writing that they represent. Narrator: Listen to a lecture in an anthropology class.

Professor: All right, today, our class is going to the dogs! Last week, we talked about the process of domesticating animals in general. Today, we're going to talk about the first animal to be domesticated-man's best friend, the dog!

There's a lot we don't know about the domestication of dogs. For one thing, we don't know when it happened. For a long time, scientists thought that it occurred about 10, years ago. They said that domestication occurred about , years ago. We know now, know for sure that it happened at least 14, years ago.

A fragment of a bone that has definitely been identified as belonging to a dog was found in a cave in Germany, and it's 14, years old. Domestication probably took place around 20, years ago. We don't know where dogs were first domesticated either. By the fifteenth century, the dog was found all over the world-the first domestic animal with a global range. The most likely point of origin is Southwest Asia, but some scientists think that it was in East Asia, while others think maybe Europe or North Africa.

We know it wasn't in the Western Hemisphere because the DNA of dogs in the Americas is more closely related to Eurasian wolves than it is to American wolves, so dogs must have followed humans to Alaska across the land bridge from Siberia. Then we also don't know exactly how humans domesticated dogs, although there are various theories. One theory is that dogs figured out early on that they could feed pretty well just by hanging around humans and eating the scraps of food that were, you know, just thrown out or left sitting around.

But, to have access to these morsels, dogs had to get over their natural fear of humans, and so, according to this theory, dogs more or less domesticated themselves. Another theory is that dogs were domesticated from wolves by means of selective breeding. There was an experiment done by a Russian scientist, Dmitri Balyaev, in the 's. He bred a group of wild Siberian foxes.

The only characteristic he was interested in when he was breeding these foxes was tameness, friendliness towards humans. In only six generations of foxes-only six generations, mind you!

If he could do this with foxes in six generations, early humans surely could have done it with wolves over thousands of generations. We do know what animal domestic dogs come from. There are almost breeds of dogs today, but all of them, from Chihuahuas to great Danes, are descendants of the Eurasian grey wolf. Because there are so many differences among types of dogs-size, shape, color, temperamentscientists once wondered if some were related to other types of wild dogs, like African jackals, Australian dingoes, or American coyotes.

DNA tests, though, showed that all dogs are related to wolves. But, uh, there are some dogs, like German shepherds, that are closer to wolves than others. This indicates that domestication may have taken place in various stages-you know, some breeds may have been domesticated more recently than others.

Dogs were first domesticated during humankind's earliest stage of development-the hunter-gatherer period. Apparently, umm, their first job was to serve as guards. With their keen sense of smell and hearing, dogs made it almost impossible for strangers to come up to a sleeping village by surprise. Later, humans took advantage of dogs' hunting ability.

Dogs helped humans get hold of meat and skins from wild animals. Take a look at this rock painting that was found in the Jaro Mountains in Iraq-it's maybe 8, years old. It shows people with spears hunting deer, getting some help from dogs with curly tails. Still later, after humans domesticated herd animals-goats, cattle, sheepwell, dogs helped gather up these animals and move them from place to place by barking and nipping at their heels.

Take a look at this fresco. It's from the wall of a sandstone grotto in the desert in Algeria. It's probably 5, years old. The herders are driving their oxen home from the fields while their "best friends" are helping them out.

Today, of course, most dogs have taken on another role. Sure, some dogs are still working dogs. They help hunters, they herd animals, they pull loads, they find survivors of natural disasters.

Most dogs, though, are not valued so much for the work they do as for the company they provide. But that doesn't mean their ability to perform these earlier roles has been completely bred out of them. My two dogs, Raisin and Cosmo-they still perform guard duty. No way will they let the mail carrier sneak up to my house! And, last weekend, I was at the park with my little nieces and nephew, and the kids were running around the playground.

Raisin and Cosmo-they're both border collies, which are herding dogs-they were actually out there herding these kids! I mean, they were barking and jumping around and trying to keep the kids from running off. Although this movement, this philosophy is called New Urbanism, in a way, it should be called traditional urbanism because it looks to the past, it models today's communities on the way communities looked in the past.

Think about a typical town in the United States a hundred years ago. You had a central business area, a downtown surrounded by residential neighborhoods. That all changed in the fifties and sixties. That's when the "flight to the suburbs" took place. A lot of suburban shopping malls were built. Huge areas of land, usually farmland, were developed. Automobile use soared.

Downtowns deteriorated or died, and the old neighborhoods in the city center, mostly they became slums. Today over "New Urbanist" communities have been built or are being constructed, and most of these feature an old "Main Street" style business center. Okay, here are some core principles of New Urbanism. First, walkability. Streets are pedestrian friendly and lined with trees. In case we need more time to master your paper, we may contact you regarding the deadline extension.

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