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The SR was developed as a black project from the Lockheed A reconnaissance aircraft during the s by Lockheed's Skunk Works division. American aerospace engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson was responsible for many of the aircraft's innovative concepts. The shape of the SR was based on that of the A, which was one of the first aircraft to be designed with a reduced radar cross-section.
At one point, a bomber variant of the aircraft was under consideration, before the program was focused solely on reconnaissance. Mission equipment for the reconnaissance role included signals intelligence sensors, a side-looking airborne radarand a photo camera; the SR was both longer and heavier than the A, allowing it to hold more fuel as well as a two-seat cockpit. The aircraft was introduced to operational service in January During aerial reconnaissance missions, the SR operated at high speeds and altitudes Mach 3.
If a surface-to-air missile launch was detectedthe standard evasive action was simply jet plane blackbird games accelerate and outfly the missile.
A total of 32 aircraft were built; 12 were lost in accidents with none lost to enemy action. NASA was the final operator of the type, retiring their examples in Since its retirement, the SR's role has been taken up by a combination of reconnaissance satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs ; a proposed UAV successor, the SR is under development by Lockheed Martin, and scheduled to fly in In latethe CIA approached the defense contractor Lockheed to build an undetectable spy plane.
The work on project Archangel began in the second quarter ofwith aim of flying higher and faster than the U Of 11 successive designs drafted in a span of 10 months, "A" was the front-runner.
Despite this, however, its shape made it vulnerable to radar detection. The downing of Francis Gary Powers 's U-2 underscored its vulnerability and the need for faster reconnaissance aircraft such as the A Thirteen were built; two variants were also developed, including jet plane blackbird games of the YF interceptor prototype, and two of the M drone carrier.
The J58s were retrofitted as they became available, and became the standard powerplant for all subsequent aircraft in the series A, YF, Mas well as the SR The A flew missions over Vietnam and North Korea before its retirement in The program's cancellation was announced on 28 December[12] due both to budget concerns [13] and because of the forthcoming SR, a derivative of the A The SR designation is a continuation of the pre bomber series ; the last aircraft built using the series was the XB Valkyrie.
However, a bomber variant of the Blackbird was briefly given the B designator, which was retained when the type was changed to SR Reconnaissance equipment included signals intelligence sensors, a side-looking airborne radarand a photo camera. Johnson and his administration for falling behind the Soviet Union in developing new weapons. The media transcript given to the press at the time still had the earlier RS designation in places, creating the story that the president had misread the aircraft's designation.
The specialized jet plane blackbird games used to manufacture both the YF and the SR was also ordered destroyed. The SR was designed for flight at over Mach 3 with a flight crew jet plane blackbird games two in tandem jet plane blackbird games, with the pilot in the forward cockpit and the reconnaissance systems officer operating the surveillance systems and equipment from the rear cockpit, and directing navigation on the mission flight path.
The dark color led to the aircraft's nickname "Blackbird". While the SR carried radar countermeasures to evade interception efforts, its greatest protection was its combination of high altitude and very high speed, which made it almost invulnerable. Along with its low radar cross-section, these qualities gave a very short time for an enemy surface-to-air missile SAM site to acquire and jet plane blackbird games the aircraft on radar.
If the SAM site could track the SR and fire a SAM in time, the SAM would expend nearly all of the delta-v of its boost and sustainer phases just reaching the SR's altitude; at this point, out of thrust, it could do little more than follow its ballistic arc. Merely accelerating would typically be enough for an SR to evade a SAM; [2] changes by the pilots in the SR's speed, altitude, and heading were also often enough to spoil any radar lock on the plane by SAM sites or enemy fighters.
On most aircraft, use of titanium was limited by the costs involved; it was generally used only in components exposed to the highest jet plane blackbird games, such as exhaust fairings and the leading edges of wings. Lockheed found that washing welded titanium requires distilled wateras the chlorine present in tap water is corrosive ; cadmium -plated tools could not be used, as they also caused corrosion.
The high temperatures generated in flight required jet plane blackbird games design and operating techniques. Major sections of the skin of the inboard wings were corrugated, not smooth.
Aerodynamicists initially opposed the concept, disparagingly referring to the aircraft as a Mach 3 variant of the s-era Ford Trimotorwhich was known for its corrugated aluminum skin. Fuselage panels were manufactured to fit only loosely with the jet plane blackbird games on the ground. Proper alignment was achieved as the airframe heated up and expanded several inches.
The outer windscreen of jet plane blackbird games cockpit was made of quartz and was fused ultrasonically to the titanium frame. The red stripes featured on some SRs were to prevent maintenance workers from damaging the skin. Near the center of the fuselage, the curved skin was thin and delicate, with no support from jet plane blackbird games structural ribs, which were spaced several feet apart.
The Blackbird's tires, manufactured by B. Goodrichcontained aluminum and were filled with nitrogen. Titanium was in short supply in the United States, so the Skunk Works jet plane blackbird games was forced to look elsewhere for the metal. Much of jet plane blackbird games needed material came from the Soviet Union. Colonel Rich Graham, SR pilot, described the acquisition process:.
Back when they were building the airplane the United States didn't have the ore supplies — an ore called rutile ore. It's a very sandy soil and it's only found in very few parts of the world. The major supplier of the ore was the USSR. Working through Third World countries and bogus operations, they were able to get the rutile ore shipped to the United States to build the SR The second operational aircraft [39] designed around a stealth aircraft shape and materials, after the Lockheed A[39] the SR had several features designed to reduce its radar signature.
Special radar-absorbing materials were incorporated into sawtooth-shaped sections of the aircraft's skin. Cesium -based fuel additives were used to somewhat reduce exhaust plumes visibility to radar, although exhaust streams remained quite jet plane blackbird games. Kelly Johnson later conceded that Soviet radar technology advanced faster than the stealth technology jet plane blackbird games against it.
The SR featured chines, a pair of sharp edges leading aft from either side of the nose along the fuselage. These were not a feature on the early A-3 design; Frank Rodgers, a doctor at the Scientific Engineering Institute, a CIA front organizationdiscovered that a cross-section of a sphere had a jet plane blackbird games reduced radar reflection, and adapted a cylindrical-shaped fuselage by stretching out the sides of the fuselage. Aerodynamicists discovered that the chines generated powerful vortices and created additional liftleading to unexpected aerodynamic performance improvements.
Landing speeds were also reduced, as the chines' vortices created turbulent flow over the wings at high angles of attackmaking it harder to stall. The addition of chines also allowed the removal of the planned canard foreplanes. The air inlets allowed the SR to cruise at over Mach 3. Mach 3. During one mission, SR pilot Brian Shul flew faster than usual to avoid multiple interception attempts; afterward, it was discovered that this had reduced fuel consumption. At the front of each inlet, a pointed, movable cone called a "spike" inlet cone was locked in its full forward position on the ground and during subsonic flight.
When the aircraft accelerated past Mach 1. Moving the spike tip drew the shock wave riding on it closer to the inlet cowling until it touched just slightly inside the cowling lip.
This position reflected the spike shock wave repeatedly between the spike center body and the inlet inner cowl sides, and minimized airflow spillage which is the cause of jet plane blackbird games drag. The air slowed supersonically with a final plane shock wave at entry to the subsonic diffuser. Downstream of this normal shockthe air is subsonic. It decelerates further in the divergent duct to give the required speed at entry to the compressor. Capture of the plane's shock wave within the inlet is called "starting the inlet".
Bleed tubes and bypass doors were designed into the inlet and engine nacelles to handle some of this pressure and to position the final shock to allow the inlet to remain "started". In the early years of operation, the analog computers would not always keep up with rapidly changing flight environmental inputs. If internal pressures became too great and the spike was incorrectly positioned, the shock wave would suddenly blow out the front of the inlet, called an "inlet unstart ".
During unstarts, afterburner extinctions were common. The remaining engine's asymmetrical thrust would cause the aircraft to yaw violently to one side. SASautopilot, and manual control inputs would fight jet plane blackbird games yawing, but often the extreme off-angle would reduce airflow in the opposite engine and stimulate "sympathetic stalls".
This generated a rapid counter-yawing, often jet plane blackbird games with loud "banging" noises, and a rough ride during which crews' helmets would sometimes strike their cockpit canopies. NASA developed a computer to control the engine bypass doors which countered this issue and improved efficiency. Beginning inthe analog inlet control system was replaced by a digital system, which reduced unstart instances. The J58 was a considerable innovation of the era, capable of producing a static thrust of 32, lbf kN.
This proportion increased progressively with speed until the afterburner provided all the thrust at about Mach 3. Air was initially compressed jet plane blackbird games heated by the inlet spike and subsequent converging duct between the center body and inlet cowl. The shock waves generated slowed the air to subsonic speeds relative to the engine.
The air then entered the engine compressor. Air passing through the turbojet was compressed further by the remaining five compressor stages and then fuel was added in the combustion chamber. After passing through the turbine, the exhaust, together with the compressor bleed airentered the afterburner. At around Mach 3, the temperature rise from the intake compression, added to the engine compressor temperature rise, reduced the allowable fuel flow because the turbine temperature limit did not change.
The rotating machinery had become a drag item [59] and the engine thrust at high speeds came from the afterburner temperature rise. Originally, the Blackbird's J58 engines were started with the assistance of two Buick Wildcat V8 internal combustion enginesexternally mounted on a vehicle referred to as an AG "start cart".
Jet plane blackbird games start cart was positioned jet plane blackbird games the J58 and the two Buick engines powered a single, vertical drive shaft connecting to the J58 engine and spinning it to above 3, RPM, at which point the turbojet could self-sustain. Once the first J58 engine was jet plane blackbird games, the cart was repositioned to start the aircraft's other J58 engine. Later start carts used Chevrolet big-block V8 engines.
Eventually, a quieter, pneumatic jet plane blackbird games system was developed for use at main operating bases. The V8 start carts remained at diversion landing sites not equipped with the pneumatic system. Several exotic fuels were investigated for the Blackbird. Development began on a coal slurry power plant, but Johnson determined that the coal particles damaged important engine components. To start the engines, triethylborane TEBwhich ignites on contact with airwas injected to produce temperatures high enough to ignite the JP The TEB produced a characteristic green flame, which could often be seen during engine ignition.
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