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carpentry-shop-def-ltd Easiest way shlp cut them is on a table saw using a special jig. Green Lumber The term 'Green' means fresh, and refers to timber that has not yet sufficiently dried. Oct 13, Marking Gauge: It is used to draw parallel lines. Rip Cut Cutting parallel to the grain of timber is referred to as a rip carpentry shop def ltd or 'ripping'. Planting one tree for every product sold.

An oval shaped timber disk biscuit can then be glued and inserted in the slots where it swells to form a tight bond. Quite often during finishing or trim carpentry and when fitting fascias for example angles need to 'bisected', or halved. Go to the bisect an angle page for more information.

A small plane designed primarily for cutting across end grain, but useful for many other applications see also hand plane. A hand drill with a cranked shape handle with a flat knob on the end, special auger bits with a square tapered shank fit into a two jaw chuck. They are good for drilling various masonry materials.

Also a stop chamfer, that stops and starts a distance in from the end. Go to the page about Skirting to see chamfered skirting boards being fitted.

The chuck will hold a drill bit or router cutter that will be spinning in the tool. Is a portable handheld powered saw great for everything from cutting intricate cabinetry work, ripping down timber, cross cutting and even cutting a whole roof! A collar beam is a type of roof timber that is used to stop the rafters from spreading.

Fixed horizontally to rom the bottom of a triangle, with a seat cut angle cut on each end, it is usually bolted for strength. If the rafters are long, they may have joists at the bottom to keep the bottoms from spreading, and collars bolted higher up to do the same job. Another type of chuck that Routers use. A combination square is a hand tool used for setting out and marking the work-piece.

A square with an adjustable ruler that can mark both 90 and 45 degree angles see also 'square'. An adjustable setting out tool used for drawing circles and Scribing timber to irregular surfaces. Consisting of two legs joined at a pivot hinge, one has a point the other holds a pencil.

A common place to find a compound angle or cut is a jack or creeper rafter that is used for a hip roof. When timber is cut at two angles, one to the face and one to the edge it is referred to as a compound miter. A drill bit that bores a pointed hole allowing a screw head to sit flush inside the face of the material, or below the surface so it can be plugged with filler or a wooden pellet and decorated over.

Helps to avoid splitting the timber when fixing. Happens when the edges of the board bend with the grain, away from the center to form a concave shape. Keeping timber dry stacked properly helps to avoid this problem. Decorative molding found mainly in period style buildings. Runs around the room around a metre off the floor. A right angle joint where the fingers are shaped like a doves tail.

Can be cut by hand or with a dovetail jig and router. Used commonly on furniture and drawers for example. A straight round wooden peg used to align and hold timber together in a mortice and tenon joint, 'drawer dowels'. Used commonly on staircase to hold newel posts to stair strings. Surface of finished timber that will be most visible, you tend to work and set out measurements from the face.

Fascia and soffit boards are those attached to the bottom of the roof structure to form the eaves and to fix the gutters too. Featherboard Pieces of wood with fingers used to press material being machined against a fence and or down against the table. Adjustable straight guide used on table saw or router table for example to push the material against in order to maintain a parallel cut to the blade or cutter.

Substance used to fill nail holes or irregularities in the surface of material before applying a finishing coat. Tapered square fingers used to join material length ways, often used in manufacturing moulding to join short lengths together and minimise waste. After the framing carpenters and the plasterers have done their bit and the finish or trim carpentry work can start.

All the jobs that will be seen by the client from doors to kitchens fall under trim carpentry. Click above for more info and step by step guides. The floor to floor is another term used to describe the total rise of a staircase.

Divided by the number of 'risers' will give you the total height of each step on the staircase. The floor to floor measurement is a directly vertical measurement from one floor to another, which you can see a diagram of at the staircase page. When two adjoining surfaces are joined perfectly flat to each other they are flush.

Otherwise one is 'proud' and the other 'shy'. Structural carpentry work like timber framed houses, walls, roofing and floor joists for example all fall under framing carpentry. Type of drill bit that has a center spur and circular rims with cutting teeth that is used to cut clean flat bottomed holes. I use a 50mm forstner bit when drilling newel bases and installing newel posts.

The fibres of the wood and their direction are known as the grain. Some common terms you'll hear that refer to the grain and its direction are: 'Crosscut' - Cutting across the grain 'ripsaw' - Cuts in line with the grain 'Against the grain' - For a smooth finish and to prevent tearing always plane or pare chisel in the same direction as the grain, its the same principle as shaving your face!

The term 'Green' means fresh, and refers to timber that has not yet sufficiently dried. Green Oak, for example. If you hear the term 'grit' it could be in relation to either sandpaper or a sharpening oil stone.

Typically the more 'grit' the finer the abrasiveness. Term used in staircase and roofing construction. With stairs, the going means the total distance horizontally the staircase will travel. In roofing, the going is the total distance each rafter will travel, which normally equates to the total span minus the thickness of the ridge and then divided by two see also rafter lengths.

Hand planes are used for smoothing out and flattening the rough or uneven surface of timber, and reducing the thickness. When using a plane always go 'with the grain'. This is the same principal as shaving your face, planing against the grain can result in 'tearing' instead of cleanly cutting the timber. There are lots of different types of hand planes, click above for more information and tips on sharpening them.

Hardboard is a strong, smooth sided and flexible sheet material also known as high density fibreboard. Apart from using it as a sheet material it's also good for protecting new floors or work surfaces when work is being carried out around them. Not necessarily referring to the hardness of the wood itself, hardwoods are not like softwoods which come from conifer trees.

They are usually 'broad leaved' and deciduous. Typical examples commonly used in carpentry and joinery include Oak, Mahogany, Walnut, Teak and Idigbo. Commonly made of steel or brass, hinges are mechanical devices that allow two objects to pivot on each other. Typically used on doors, windows, gates etc. Click here to go to a page with tips for fitting hinges. An I-beam is a type of steel used in construction.

As a carpenter you often need to fit timber into the 'web' of the steel to provide a fixing for sheet materials or as something to fix joists into. An aid used to clamp a work-piece or act as a guide when performing repeat cuts in manufacturing or assembling. Common carpentry jigs available are worktop, hinge and letter-plate jigs.

A jigsaw is a power tool that is fitted with a small straight blade that moves up and down in order to cut. Can be used to cut circular and other intricate shapes. Click above for more information and tips on using jigsaws, or here for help choosing the right blades. Kick back occurs when a tool such as a table saw throws the work-piece back towards the operator. It can happen because the timber pinches the blade or the person feeding the timber moves it in the wrong direction.

Most tools these days are fitted with anti kickback devices. A heated chamber a bit like a large oven for drying timber. The air flow, temperature and humidity are controlled. Knots are the roots of twigs and branches found in timber and are tougher than the rest of the wood for that reason. Man made Laminated materials are those made up of layers glued and joined together such as in beams, or sheet material like plywood.

Laminate flooring has been hugely popular over the last few years especially with landlords and parents and is marketed as something anyone can fit as an easy DIY project. Click above to go to a page with more information and fitting tips.

A leading edge is most commonly found on doors. By planing the lock edge of the door at a slight angle more off the side that closes first you can achieve a tighter margin between the door and frame when in the closed position.

A leading edge may also refer to cutting a slight angle on a piece of timber that is tight to install so you can start it off in a gap before beating it in a little. Big business in the UK at the moment because many people are improving their homes instead of moving.

Converting the attic into habitable space involves major structural alterations. Go to the loft conversion section for more information. Stands for medium density fiberboard. Its a really versatile man made material and is available in a sheet form which is ideal for shelves, window boards and pipe boxings as well as pre-primed moldings such as skirting boards and architraves.

A miter box is a device used to guide a hand saw at 45 degrees. A timber molding is a strip of material such as softwood or mdf with a decorative profile cut on the face edges.

Decorative moldings are most commonly used for fine finish and trim carpentry work see also finish carpentry. A normally square hole cut to allow a tenon to pass through and form a strong join between two pieces of timber. They are also installed in the walls at places where something will need to be securely fixed later on like radiators, kitchen units or a toilet cistern for example.

You can see noggins in the diagram on the internal wall framing page. Otherwise known as chipboard is made of lots of bits glued and compressed together.

Available as a sheet material like flooring and also covered with Formica and used for worktops. A type of screw head with a X shaped groove in the head. Special screwdriver bits are used to wind them in, not to be confused with Pozi shaped bits which are similar.

A pilot bit is a drill bit used to bore a hole slightly smaller than the screw to allow it to pass through the material easier and without splitting. Means the angle of rise in degrees from the horizontal, used for staircase and roof construction. The pitch line of a staircase is the point from which the handrail must be at least mm above in the UK. This is obtained by laying a spirit level or straight edge onto the nosings of the treads.

Plumb is the term used to describe something that is perfectly vertical. A 'plumb bob' is an old fashioned heavy tool on a piece of string used to determine plumb. Is a router that has telescopic style legs that allow the cutter to be pushed down into the work-piece to start cutting inside from the edge of a material.

A pocket hole is drilled at an angle to allow a butt joint to be screwed together. Can be used to fix two pieces together flush, at angles, end to end, curved and many more. Extremely useful type of fixing. One of the best selling tools is a carpentry portfolio. With copies of qualifications and insurance certificates, photographs of previous work, testimonials and more.

Go to the carpentry portfolio page for more information. A quarter round or quadrant molding is a cover strip the shape of a quarter of a circle that comes in long lengths. It is used as a decorative bead and to cover gaps or areas where plasterboard meets timber and would crack without a cover strip.

You can also use a router and round-over bit to put a quarter round molding onto timber. Is a circular saw mounted on a horizontally sliding arm. It was the most popular saw for cutting timber to length before the miter saw. A horizontal component fitted on doors for example where it acts as a brace to add strength and stability. Rafters are roof members cut to make up the structure of the roof.

Click above for more information, pictures and tips for setting out and cutting roof rafters. Is a long, flat or curved steel tool like a file but rougher. Used for removing wood on curved surfaces. Cutting parallel to the grain of timber is referred to as a rip cut or 'ripping'. The opposite of crosscut. Table saws are rip saws. The term rise is used during staircase and roofing construction and refers to the overall vertical height the staircase or roof rafter must travel.

Or, the total rise of a staircase when divided by the number of 'risers' will give the rise dimension of each step on the staircase. When taking measurements to build a staircase I also refer to the rise as the floor to floor measurement. Boards that are sawn to size and edged but not planed smooth. A router is a fast and extremely versatile cutting tool with a high speed motor.

Is a wooden trestle often used in pairs to support the work-piece whilst working on it. Carpentry apprentices often make these at college during their apprenticeships. Refers to the amount of time it takes for timber to dry.

Timber is air dried, and every inch of thickness typically takes one year to dry. One season equals one year.

Unseen material used in furniture is often made up of 'secondary wood'. Sides of drawers, are one example. When teeth on a cutting blade have been 'set' it means they are off-set alternatively on either side of the blade.

They do this in order to create a cut that is wider than the blade is thick. This prevents kickback, when the timber pinches the blade during cutting. Resin flakes that have been dissolved in alcohol and are then used as a decorative and protective coating for fine finishing timber. Is a term used when two adjoining timbers are not flush with each other, one being below the other.

The opposite of proud. Or toe nailing, skew nailing is the method of fixing timber together at an angle when you cant fix through the back. Also known as baseboards, skirting boards are the decorative moldings fitted during finish carpentry at the bottom of walls. To snipe a work-piece is to gouge the trailing end of the material when running it out of a joiner, prevented by supporting the work-piece level as it exits the machine.

Timber sourced from typically evergreen conifer trees. Softwood doesn't refer to the hardness of the timber, some softwoods are harder than hardwoods. Relatively low cost drill bits for cutting small to medium size holes. Available with either a point or threaded centre guide. When drilling thin materials with them put a scrap piece of timber behind the work-piece.

Works like a hand plane but is used to form and smooth curved surfaces as opposed to flat. The tools body is in the shape of two handles and the blade is fastened in between. Spoke shave blades are available shaped concave, convex or straight. Other uses include setting out roof rafters and staircases. There are several different types of carpenter square available click the link above for more information.

A t-slot is a shape housed or machined out of the underside of two pieces that are to be joined together. Special dog bone shaped clamps are then used to hold the joint tightly together. Most common use is in worktops. A circular rip saw blade that is mounted under a table. Straight fiber and good texture. Light in colour and weight. Hard Wood 1. Good tensile strength 5.

It is non-resinous wood containing a fairly good amount of acid. Fibers are quite close and compact. Dark in colour and heavy in weight.

Annual rings are not distinct Good tensile as well as shear strength. Soft Wood Hard Wood 6. Get split quickly 7. Weaker and less durable 8. Catch fire soon cannot withstand high temperature. It is easy to be worked. It has an added advantage in its refractoriness. It is difficult to be worked. It should be free from knots. It should not posses natural defects. On sawing it should give a sweet smell. It should have regular annual rings. It should not clot the saw teeth during sawing.

It should be Strong and heavy. It should not split when nails are driven in to it. It should bear high resistance shock and stresses. It should have dark colour, give clear sound, easily workable, high resistance to fire and free from decay. On planning it should give silky texture and bright appearance.

It should not wrap or twist after seasoning. It should respond well to polishing and painting. Durability 2. Weight 4. Hardness 5. Cohesivness 6. Elasticity 7. Type of texture 8. Type of grains 9. Resistance to fire Resistance to various stresses Ability to retain shape Easy Polishing If the timber is used without seasoning it is liable to shrink , wrap and crack. Methods of Seasoning 1. Natural Seasoning a Air Seasoning:In this method of seasoning the sawn timber is stacked in a dry place about 30 cm above floor level with longitudinal and crosspieces arranged one upon another, leaving a space of a few Centimeters for free circulation of air.

Advantages i ii iii It does not necessitate much attention It is simple and cheap method. Less chances of damage to the timber. Disadvantages i Very slow extends over years. By this process, the sap, sugar and gum etc are leached out of the wood and replaced by water.

The logs are then taken out and left to dry in an open places. Advantages It is quick process, tendency of wood to shrink or wrap is reduced less liable to be eaten away by worm or to decay by dry rot.

Disadvantages i The process reduces the elasticity and the durability of the timber. Artificial Seasoning a Kiln Seasoning:- The timber is seasoned under controlled temperature and humidity conditions with proper circulation and ventilation system. The rise in temperature should be such that the timber retains the original strength and elastic properties. The required humidity level is maintained to avoid wrapping and cracking. The drying of timber at uniform rate is well maintained by circulating hot air by fans and a certain amount of steam is added in order to retain correct humidity.

The ventilation is provided to avoid over heating and excessive humidity. The timber inside the chamber , on trolley is kept under controlled conditions for about fortnight or depending upon the initial water content and required moisture level. The quality of wood is inferior as compared to the one seasoned by natural seasoned methods. Kiln Method The drying is controlled, so no chances for the attack of fungi and insects.

The drying of different surfaces is even and uniform. It is costly. More skilled labor required. Due to quick seasoning so chances to check regularly seasoning defects such as wrapping, internal cracks, surface cracks etc. It is also known as salt seasoning.

In the method, the timber is immersed in a solution of soluble salt. It is then taken out and seasoned in ordinary way. The interior surface of timber dries in advance of exterior one and chances of formation of external cracks are reduced. C Electrical Seasoning:This method of seasoning works on the principle that heat is produced when poor conductor are placed in the field of high frequency.

The wooden planks are made to pass through an induction coil producing high frequency. Due to an induction effect moisture contents in the wood is dried quickly. This method of drying is employed in plywood manufacturing process. This method is not popular because of prohibitive cost, lack of control moisture content, sudden drying damage wooden fibers. Electrical Seasoning Seasoning Videos A rtificial seasoning of timber Timber Tress of India 1.

The central layer is called core, the outer layer is face plys and intermediate layers as cross bands. It can be made in very large sizes. Easily worked and bend into shapes of different designs. Top veeners can be given fine decorative effects to give attractive appearance. The strips may be up to about 28mm wide and are placed edge to edge and sandwiched between veneers of softwood, hardwood or thin MDF or particleboard, glued under high pressure.

The internal strips are generally made of light weight poplar wood. Blockboard is used to make doors, tables, shelves, paneling and partition walls. It is normally used for interior usages, due to the type of glues used. To achieve maximum strength, it is important to ensure that the core runs lengthways.

Blockboard also called lumber core has very good screw holding and can be considered as solid wood; it has a good resistance to warping. Types of fiberboard in order of increasing density include particle board, medium-density fiberboard, and hardboard.

Fiberboard is sometimes used as a synonym for particle board, but particle board usually refers to lowdensity fiberboard. Plywood is not a type of fiberboard, as it is made of thin sheets of wood, not wood fibers or particles. Fiberboard, particularly medium-density fiberboard MDF , is heavily used in the furniture industry. For pieces that will be visible, a veneer of wood is often glued onto fiberboard to give it the appearance of conventional wood.

These pieces are usually covered with a skin, foil, or fabric such as cloth, suede, leather, or polyvinyl chloride. Fiber Board Battens are used in building construction and various other fields as both structural and purely cosmetic elements.

In the steel industry, battens may also be referred to as "top hats", in reference to the profile of the metal. They are also used on tall ships to form the ladders up the shrouds in a fashion similar to ratlines. They are also used to help secure tarpaulinsover hatches, thus giving rise to the common phrase "batten down the hatches!

Used by analogy in non-sailing contexts, it means to prepare to weather a coming storm, whether that storm is metaphorical or real. Wood Working Hand Tools Classification of tools according to their use is given below Measuring and Marking Tools 2. Holding and Supporting Tools 3. Cutting Tools 4. Planning Tools 5.

Boring and Drilling Tools 6. Striking Tools 7. Miscellaneous Tools It consists of a steel Blade fitting into a wooden or metallic stock at right angle to it. The front edge is hardened so as to resist wear and tear. It is made up of carbon steel. It is used for measuring and marking the points and lines on wooden stock before processing.

Marking Gauge: It is used to draw parallel lines. The movable portion of the gauge is adjustable to suitable position and is tightened on the stem. The piece which slides is called stock and scribing pin is fixed on the stem. Mortise Gauge: It is used to draw two parallel lines. Its working is similar to marking gauge except it has two sharp edges.

One fixed and second adjustable or fixed Bar or T- Clamp and C-Clamp 4. Hand Screw 1. Four carpenter vice are fitted on opposite sides of bench to hold the jobs during operation.

Its one jaw is fixed to the side of the table while the other is kept movable means of screw and handle. Clamps and screws: These are used by carpenters for holding and supporting wood pieces in position for carrying out different operations. Chisels 3. Axe 1. Saws:-Sawing means cutting woods along the grains. The main parts of a saw are blade and handle. The size of a saw is the length of the blade in mm.

The teeth are bent slightly by its pitch and the angle.

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