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This script evolved into the medieval scripts known as Merovingian and Carolingian minuscule. Prior to that, the former had been merely allographs of the latter.
With the fragmentation of political power, the style of writing changed and varied greatly throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of the printing press. The languages that use the Latin script generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns.
The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. Old English , for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized, whereas Modern English writers and printers of the 17th and 18th century frequently capitalized most and sometimes all nouns, [7] which is still systematically done in Modern German , e.
The Latin alphabet spread, along with the Latin language , from the Italian Peninsula to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea with the expansion of the Roman Empire. The eastern half of the Empire , including Greece , Anatolia , the Levant , and Egypt , continued to use Greek as a lingua franca , but Latin was widely spoken in the western half , and as the western Romance languages evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet.
With the spread of Western Christianity during the Middle Ages , the script was gradually adopted by the peoples of northern Europe who spoke Celtic languages displacing the Ogham alphabet or Germanic languages displacing earlier Runic alphabets , Baltic languages , as well as by the speakers of several Uralic languages , most notably Hungarian , Finnish and Estonian. The Latin alphabet came into use for writing the West Slavic languages and several South Slavic languages , as the people who spoke them adopted Roman Catholicism.
Later, it was adopted by non-Catholic countries. Romanian , most of whose speakers are Orthodox , was the first major language to switch from Cyrillic to Latin script, doing so in the 19th century, although Moldova only did so after the Soviet collapse. It has also been increasingly adopted by Turkic-speaking countries, beginning with Turkey in the s. The government of Kazakhstan announced in that the Latin alphabet would replace Cyrillic as the writing system for the Kazakh language by The spread of the Latin alphabet among previously illiterate peoples has inspired the creation of new writing systems, such as the Avoiuli alphabet in Vanuatu , which replaces the letters of the Latin alphabet with alternative symbols.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the alphabet used to write the Latin language. For modern alphabets derived from it used in other languages and applications, see Latin script and Latin-script alphabet. Alphabet used to write the Latin language. It has been suggested that Latin script be merged into this article.
Discuss Proposed since October Numerous Latin alphabets ; also more divergent derivations such as Osage. Unicode range. History of the alphabet. BCE Hieratic 32 c. BCE Demotic 7 c. BCE Meroitic 3 c. BCE Proto-Sinaitic 19 c. BCE Ugaritic 15 c. BCE Phoenician 12 c. BCE Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. BCE Samaritan 6 c. BCE Libyco-Berber 3 c. BCE Tifinagh Paleohispanic semi-syllabic 7 c.
BCE Aramaic 8 c. BCE Kharosthi 3 c. BCE Brahmi 3 c. BCE Brahmic family see E. Tibetan 7 c. CE Devanagari 10 c. CE Canadian syllabics Hebrew 3 c. BCE Avestan 4 c. CE Palmyrene 2 c. BCE Nabataean 2 c. The letters offer an excellent in-sight into these, and most valuably, Tolkien himself answers questions of actual readers of the books This is the next best thing to being able to sit down with the Professor himself for a pint and a chat.
The printed paper version is much easier to flip through. Most letters contain several added notes, which come at the rear of the book. So you are constantly keeping a finger bookmark at the rear whilst reading at the front and flipping back and forth between the two. This is not so easy in electronic format, but can be achieved by adding multiple electronic bookmarks. It would be nicer if the notes in the letters acted as hyperlinks to the notes in the back of the book.
Tolkien still stands as a unique peep into the mind of one of the greatest authors of Western literature. One just wishes that the book be revised and updated, or a second volume be added with the help of new letters which have come to light since, but the death of the editor seems to preclude this for the time being.
Since initial publication, as happened with Carpenter's biography, one has also become aware that some censorship may have been applied to the text. This doesn't seem necessary, as we are all human and full of foibles and JRRT was no exception.
However a companion volume of sorts already exists. The Father Xmas Letters, which complements this book nicely. Unfortunately, these too have been censored to remove many autobiographical elements. One can only hope that a full, unexpurgated version of these will eventually be released in the future. Awesome, such a great window into Tolkien as a person. Emotional an intelligent selection. Immaculate copy, good show Amazon.
Ajoy to read at any pace. Images in this review. Report abuse. Very well received. A fascinating insight into Tolkien's life and thought. Oxford English Dictionary Online ed. Oxford University Press. Subscription or participating institution membership required.
Retrieved 22 December Robert Lawrence , The history of Basque. London: Routledge. ISBN OCLC Burchfield; John Algeo The Cambridge History of the English Language.
Cambridge University Press. Accents of English 1: An Introduction. A History of the Spanish Language. Mineola, NY: Legas.
Retrieved Unicode Consortium. The Old New Thing. MSDN Blogs.
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