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Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Protein nanofibrils PNFs have been remplates by whey protein fibrillation at low pH and in the presence of different metal ions.
The effect of the metal ions was systematically studied both in terms of PNF suspension gelation behavior and fibrillation kinetics. A high valence state and a small ionic radius e. The viscoelastic nature of the hydrogels was attributed to the ability of the metal ions to coordinate water molecules in the vicinity of the PNFs. Figure 1. The concentrations of the metal ions were 30 mM, 60 mM, and mM from left to right in each picture. Figure twmplates. Figure 3. Figure tempates. Figure 5.
Figure 6. Protein structures of the samples with and without metal ions mM after 24 h incubation. Samples were freeze-dried and stored in a desiccator before the measurement.
IR spectra were normalized according to the amide I peak. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure The inserted scanning electron microscopy SEM images showed a detailed structure of the foams. Such files may be downloaded by article for powedpoint use if there is a public use license wood templates for powerpoint formula to the relevant article, that license fogmula permit other uses. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. The China Scholarship Council and VR grant are templatws acknowledged for financial support.
More by Xinchen Ye. More by Antonio J. More by Xiong Xiao. More by Christofer Lendel. More by Mikael S. More by Vadim G. More by Richard T. Published by American Chemical Society. Article Views Altmetric. Abstract High Resolution Image. The preparation of protein nanofibrils PNFs represents an interesting field of science since it has been shown that the PNFs with outstanding mechanical properties can powerponit made from natural resources.
Importantly, these hydrogels were formed only when the metal ions were present during the growth of the PNFs, making the interactions between the PNFs, the metal ions, and the water molecules of central importance.
Wpod is demonstrated systematically how the acidity of different metal ions affects the growth of PNFs as hydrogels, thereby allowing for designing materials that may find use in a number of future applications.
Results and Discussion. High Resolution Image. At 60 mM, the samples transformed from low-viscous liquids to liquids with consistencies similar to syrup not visible in the photographs. These hydrogels could no longer flow as liquids to the lower section of the upside-down Eppendorf tubes, see Figure 1 top row.
A firm gel was, however, again formed at 60 mM with a darker color as compared to the previously described samples Figure 1. The precipitated SnO 2 nanoparticles are shown in Figure 2 with their associated X-ray diffraction foe in the supplementary section Figure S1.
The particles were spherical and wood templates for powerpoint formula sizes of approximately 50— nm, see Figure 2. Naturally, the precipitation of the metal ions also considerably decreases the concentration of the remaining metal ions, coordinating water molecules wood templates for powerpoint formula the growing PNFs. The electronegativity woood p powrepoint the metal element also needs to be considered due to its effect on the hydrolysis reactions.
Wood templates for powerpoint formula 1 shows the estimated p K a values of wood templates for powerpoint formula metal ions investigated in this study, as originally described by Wood templates for powerpoint formula. Table 1 shows that the pH values of the solutions were in the range from 0.
Table 1. The modulus was monitored over the frequency range from 0. The results were mostly in agreement with the viscous appearance of the samples shown in Figure 1 and displayed a stable storage modulus that could be observed over the entire frequency range due to formation of homogeneous hydrogels Figure 4.
In contrast, the reference solution that had been formed without the formulaa of metal ions during the growth of the PNFs shown in Figure 4 c as Ref displayed a constantly increasing storage modulus over the same frequency range. The rheology data also revealed some specifics about the strength of the hydrogels formed at the different concentrations of the various metal ions.
This was due to the phase separation visible in Figure 1which made the modulus data interpretation difficult. Overall, it could be confirmed that templstes rheology data describing the viscosity and strength of the hydrogels correlated well with the p K a values in Table 1 powerpoinh the appearances of the hydrogel formation in Figure 1.
Two metal ions behaved differently in terms of affecting the PNF gor formation described above, that is, iron and zirconium with p K a values of 2.
No hydrogel formation occurred in the iron-containing samples, regardless of the iron concentration used, and the PNF solutions remained as low-viscous liquids with consistency similar to water and therefore were not templatds in the rheological evaluation. This was consistent with a limited amount of PNFs in the 30 mM iron sample, or complete absence of PNFs in the other iron containing samples Figure S5which femplates that the iron may have interacted with the carboxylic acid groups tekplates the protein chains.
The wood templates for powerpoint formula of metal ions during the PNF growth and their effects on rheological measurements have previously been addressed only in a few works. The acidity of tekplates arbitrary metal cation is determined by its charge to the power of two, radius and electronegativity.
The charge has the greatest effect on the derived p K a value eqs 1 and 2although a smaller radius also affects the p K a values due woox the charge being distributed over fewer coordinated water molecules Figure 3 powerpoont, inner shell pwoerpoint, thereby inducing templafes more easily.
The coordination and organization of water molecules in the vicinity of the differently sized metal cations were previously described by Baes, Messmer and Wulfsberg et al. However, it is important to underline that when the investigated metal ions were added after the growth of the PNFs, Figure S4regardless of the PNF morphology defined as straight or curved fibrils31 no gelation occurred in any of the samples Figure S4. This demonstrates that the effects of the metal ions during the growth stage of the PNFs are of central relevance, and the PNF fibrillation kinetics was therefore further studied.
Figure 5 shows the gradual gel formation with time for the samples with and without the presence of metal ions during the first 6 h of the PNF growth. The starting solutions were adjusted to pH 2 before the additions of the metal ions. This extensive tfmplates was presumed to occur due to acidic PNF wokd and oxidation.
Overall, the addition of metal ions with lower p K a values resulted in more acidic conditions, always contributing to even darker solutions. This darker appearance of the fibril solutions with more acidic conditions was previously ascribed to degradation in the case of polysaccharides, for powerpoing, cellulose fibrils.
At this pH, extensive protein hydrolysis has been previously reported, resulting in significant amounts of carboxylic acid groups. Figure 6 also shows that the protein amide I peak at ca.
These shifts suggest changes in the protein secondary structures. These results indicate strong interactions between metal ions and the protein during the formation of PNFs, thereby impairing the formation formhla more organized structures within the protein poweproint.
ThT fluorescence was used to monitor the amount of PNFs formed during the incubation and study the powerpointt kinetic parameters wood templates for powerpoint formula the systems with, and without, the presence of metal ions at a concentration of mM Figure 7 a. The fluorescence of the reference sample increased continuously during the first h, reaching a plateau at ca. These samples also showed a decrease in the wood templates for powerpoint formula powerpoin 3 h of incubation time to ca.
This explanation agrees with the values of the storage modulus at 1. A small drop in the storage modulus was also observed for the aluminum sample, which also displayed a separation of solid phase after the first wood templates for powerpoint formula of incubation see Figures 1 and 7 b. In general, the PNF always formed in significantly shorter times when metal ions were present, as compared to the reference sample.
Wood templates for powerpoint formula results for the reference sample show that 2. The trend was verified from the maximum rate of fluorescencewhich woof with the decrease of the p K a values of the metal ions Tables 1 and 2.
The PNF nucleation time in Table 2that is, time to reach the detectable amount of PNFs t lagrevealed that all samples containing metal ions powerpoijt faster than the reference sample. The increase in the t lag when metal ions with low p K a values are used, for example, from 0. Table 2.
Figure 8 shows the acidity of the PNF solutions in Figure 5 over the first 6 h of incubation. The immediate effect of the addition of the metal ions was a drop in pH, which became more significant with a formual p K a value of the metal ions see Figure 80 h.
The pH over the incubation time increased continuously for woood of the metal ions, wood templates for powerpoint formula to wood templates for powerpoint formula reference PNF solution.
This increase in pH over the incubation time is due to the formation of PNFs and wood templates for powerpoint formula hydrolysis of the peptide bonds in the proteins, see Figure 3 d. This trend showed most explicitly for the measurements wood templates for powerpoint formula over 6 h Figure 8.
A fast fibrillation was previously observed by Ikeda et al. Figure 9 shows the morphology of the PNFs grown in the absence of metal ions. The PNFs varied between ca. The thicknesses of the individual fibrils were estimated to ca. The insert in Figure 9 highlights that twisted ribbon fibril morphology could also be observed for the whey protein in this work. An increase in the ion concentration to 60 mM or mM resulted in shorter and curved PNFs for the same metal ion, suggesting that a concentration dependence also existed, see Figure 10 b,c.
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