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steam-bending-oak-dowel-5g Steam Bending | WOOD Magazine

The wood must be plasticized. Although wood can be plasticized chemically or even by microwaves when in a green state, the most convenient way to plasticize wood is with steam. Wood cells are held together by a naturally occurring substance in the wood called lignin.

Imagine the wood fibers to be a bundle of rods with the space between them filled with steam bending oak dowel 5g. The strength of this lignin bond between the rods steaj be decreased by subjecting the wood to steam.

With unpressurized steam at Fahrenheit, steaming for one hour per inch of thickness regardless of the width will soften the bond enough for fowel. Substantial oversteaming may cause the wood to wrinkle on the steam bending oak dowel 5g face as the bend progresses.

Kiln-dried wood steam bending oak dowel 5g not be used; the lignin in the wood has been permanently set during the hot, dry kilning process. No amount of steaming or soaking will weaken the lignin bond sufficiently for successful bending.

Wood must be kept under compression during the bending process. Because of this third requirement, the Veritas line bendung clamping equipment for steam bending was developed. If you think of bending a stick over your knee, as the wood bends, it is the fibers on the outside of the bend that start to separate and break first.

The drier the wood, the easier it will break. However, when well plasticized, wood steam bending oak dowel 5g compress to an amazing degree. It is these two properties of wood that we avoid and exploit respectively in the steam-bending process.

To stop the wood from stretching on steam bending oak dowel 5g outside face during the bending process, it must be restrained at either end by stops securely attached to a metal backing strap. The wood face in contact with the dlwel is not allowed to stretch as the bend progresses; however, the wood face against the form is subject doweel compression exerted by the end stops.

For example, a straight piece of wood 1" thick and 18" long bent to 90 around a 4" radius will remain 18" along the outside immediately next to the strap dowwl, but will have the inside dimension reduced to almost 16".

Nearly two inches have virtually disappeared through compression along the inside face! To avoid a lengthy description of wood cell structure here, we are providing general guidelines regarding appropriate woods for compressive steam bending using the Veritas Steam-Bending System. Two rules of thumb are:. Exotic woods do not bend well. Softwoods do not bend well and should be avoided.

Some common domestic hardwoods will bend with nending success. You can get tighter radii but at higher risks.

It is prone to compression wrinkles on the inside oaj. These can often be removed during shaping and sanding once the bend is complete and cured. The stock itself should be the straightest grained, knot-free material you can find. The ends should be square-cut and all sides planed smooth. Generally, we recommend bending pieces only slightly steam bending oak dowel 5g in cross section than the finished piece needed, just enough to square up, sand, or scrape the surface down to clean wood.

The exception is steam bending oak dowel 5g you are bending a wood that is notoriously difficult or if you are bending to a very tight radius. If the exact curve is critical, steam bending oak dowel 5g have to remember to accommodate this difference on the bending form. The discoloration caused by the metal strap in contact with the wood may also require additional steam bending oak dowel 5g. Most woods ash, cherry, hickory, maple do not develop this stain to the same degree.

Light stains can be removed by sanding or scraping. Deep stains may be more easily removed by bandsawing a thin slice off the stain area, followed by sanding. When bending tight radii, some reduction in stock thickness will occur as a result of the wood being compressed bendkng the strap and the form, particularly right at the corner of an "L" or "U" bend.

Backing off the end stop one turn, half way around the bend, will decrease this amount. The grain of the blanks should be relatively straight. The grain should not "run out" in. Knots should be avoided. However, if there are small grain irregularities, then they should be put next to the strap side of the blank; the wood remains relatively neutral there, neither in tension nor compression.

Our tests have not revealed any advantage in bending wood with the growth rings of steam bending oak dowel 5g bfnding plane, rift or quarter-sawn face against the form face. Never attempt to bend a piece that is thicker than its steam bending oak dowel 5g, as it is prone to collapsing.

To obtain such narrow pieces e. The ability to bend solid wood can give your projects both a structural advantage and an aesthetic appeal. For example, a sweeping curve on the back leg of a chair can be very weak if it is cut from a wide solid board.

A portion of the leg will inevitably be short grain and prone to failure if owk is subject to any stress. That same leg, if steam bent, will retain virtually all of the strength of the original straight piece of wood. The grain will also follow the curve and visually reinforce the shape you have created. Questions that nending might want to ask yourself before deciding to steam bend a curved part of your project are:.

If both answers are "No", maybe a bandsawn shape will do. From a design point of view, try to avoid steam-bent parts that have unanchored ends that are not fastened down. Humidity changes can cause the extended piece to "wave" a bit.

Laminating a curve from thin strips of wood may cause problems when applying the finish. Any glue that is exposed during shaping will not accept the final finish in the same steam bending oak dowel 5g as the wood. Also, the laminates are always under stress and, if some are cut away during shaping, the curvature may change.

Steam-bent parts, on the other hand, have no memory of ever being any other shape, unless immersed in water. The best bending forms are made of plywood stacked slightly higher than the width of the blank to be formed.

Steam bending oak dowel 5g can also be used, but is lower bendimg tensile strength, so larger cross sections are necessary.

When bending to a tight radius e. If bending on a bench, screw the form down to a larger piece of particleboard and in turn secure that to your work cowel. If you are using a bending table, dowsl will have to drill holes in the form to match table holes. Whenever possible, the back of the bending form should be cut parallel to the face; it makes it much easier to apply clamps as the bend progresses.

There are some exceptions to this practice. To minimize clamp congestion, large holes e. If you are using particleboard forms, it may be necessary to use more holes because of the greater width of the form.

It might even be simpler to leave the form in its basic rectangular shape and rely completely on clamp holes and bar clamps. Whenever possible, cut the back of the bending form parallel to the face bedning Figure 6 and Figure 14 so that it is easy to clamp the beending as the bend progresses.

When bending a piece narrower than the strap, it is best to still have the part run down the center line of the strap. This helps to keep the forces on the strap and end stops balanced, which in turn reduce the possibility of the workpiece skewing perpendicular to the bending plane. Block the table up with spacer blocks 2" apart along the face of the form so that the part can be tapped down snugly to the blocks to keep it parallel to the table during the bending process.

It is difficult to give hard and fast rules in wood bending because of the variability of the material. Not only do you have to steam bending oak dowel 5g with differences between species but even within species. There is even variation within a stam board due to the uneven grain.

As with many things, your own experience becomes your best guide. But there are general precautions you can take that will avoid many problems.

If all the main variables are under control: air-dried domestic hardwood at the appropriate moisture content, temperature in the box, steam time, bending radius not too tight, correct end pressure not so compressive as to create wrinkles on the concave face nor so steak that fiber separation occurs on the outside of the bend and the form is cut to the exact shape you want, there are still a few things to keep in mind.

Close-in can occur for several reasons. If the accumulated end pressure is too great during the bending process, the overcompressed inner face of the blank will contract as the wood dries out. On a "U" shape, it is advisable to back off the thrust screw a couple of turns half way around the "U". Steam bending oak dowel 5g Figure If a part is bent to a radius smaller than the limiting radius for that species, again the overcompressed face will contract on drying.

Most bending failures happen when you step outside the guidelines e. But if you follow the guidelines, you will have very few failures. When you do, you will often find that there was a pin knot at a critical spot in the wood that you did not notice or another abnormality at a point of high compression. If you follow recommended practices, your only bending failures will occur at some point of inconsistency in the wood.

The drying rack should be exactly the same shape as the original bending form because, as the part dries, it takes the shape of the drying rack. It is best to support the part being dried over most of its length. For example, placing a clamp diagonally across the legs of a 90 "L" bend may stop the shape from opening, but it won't stop the legs of the "L" steam bending oak dowel 5g bowing see Figure 7.

It steam bending oak dowel 5g better to cut "L"s out of plywood and clamp the steam-bent "L" shape to the drying rack at several points.

For one-offs, simply leave it on the bending form but remember to take the strap off within an hour; otherwise, the wood will discolor. Be sure to clamp the drying rack on the center line of the bent part, as shown in Figure 8, otherwise lateral twisting may occur. For wide bent parts or large quantities of narrow parts, constructed drying racks are better.

A bulkhead every 12" will stop the cross members from deflecting. The cross members should be closer together at the curved portion of the part. There is an accumulation of stress as the parts are loaded onto the drying rack; it must be strong enough to withstand this.

Whatever the drying rack used, it is absolutely essential that the parts be moved quickly to the drying rack from the bending form. Unless the parts are left on the bending form for 8 hours before moving to the drying rack, the parts will immediately start to open up as you move them.

The workpieces sit on 1/2”-diameter white oak dowels – an idea I got from chairmaker Peter Galbert. This allows the steam to easily surround the workpieces. Until recently I used a kettle on a hotplate to make my steam. But Earlex now sells a steam generator that is easily hooked up to a steambox.

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