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pocket-hole-jig-walmart-canada-jobs Retrieved October 27, Archived from the pocket hole jig walmart canada jobs PDF on May 29, Retrieved November 6, Sawfish was the first boat I designed, my 10th or so boat build. To make plywood long enough to have a fast shape you must join two or three panels together. While exploring the Adirondacks I carried Sawfish nearly a quarter mile jgi one pond to another. I've got some good white sheets from Habitat for Humanity that were bargain basement price.

I use some 4 inch PVC pipe cut into 1. Now on to the step that makes all those foam layers into one solid boat. I chose bed sheets to cover the hull as they make a lighter layer as the fabric is thinner. The bed sheets are not as strong and from time to time rocks punch tears in the fabric and dent the foam. You can just live with the dents, as they don't hurt anything, or use some lightweight spackle to fill the dent, sand the spackle smooth when dry, and sand a few inches around the spackle, then use more exterior paint to glue a patch over the dent.

Or use heavier fabric. Using canvas like the canvas drop cloths from Home Depot will make a tougher skin, it will also end up using more paint and weighing more. I use queen or king sized sheets from the thrift store as they cover the most area. I look for the sheets that are mostly cotton, don't stretch as much, and are thicker.

You can use fitted sheets elastic in the corners but flat sheets are the best. I cut away any seams or edges that are thick, as these leave lumps in the boat hull. If you leave a flat stern on your boats the way I do, start by covering the stern , wrapping fabric around each side of the boat from the stern, and slicing the wrinkles and overlapping the edges to get it all to lay smooth.

I try to use a scrap from a previous job for this, if you don't have any, use an old pillow case, or cut a corner of the big sheet off. You want a piece big enough to completely cover the stern panel and overlap a few inches around each side beyond. Roll glue onto the panels around the stern, far enough to glue the extra fabric down.

Wrinkles will show at the corners, slice the top of each wrinkle with the razor blade, and glue the upper edge boat upper over the lower edge. Now drape the large sheet over the bottom of the hull , diagonal with a queen or king size sheet will cover the whole bottom of the boat for a 12 footer. Once you have the fabric all smooth, pick up the unglued fabric from the bow end and fold it back over the glued fabric on the stern.

Pull back the last inch or two laying in the glue and roll on another two to three feet of glue, lay the fabric into the glue and work from the anchored end of the fabric already in the glue, up the middle of the fabric and out to the edges. If your fabric was to short to cover the whole panel , overlap the next section by two or three inches and start the next section. Once the bottom is on, start on one side. Due to the curves of the hull the fabric will end up with wrinkles after it is pulled and pressed into the glue.

Avoid having glue seep through the fabric as much as possible, as this will keep the paint from sticking to and filling the weave of the fabric. The one place I used heavy canvas drop cloth on this kayak was the cockpit floor, I wanted the most strength and protection for the floor, and an anti skid treatment as well.

I cut the floor canvas an inch or two wider than the cockpit so it would overlap the bed sheets used to cover the sides of the cockpit.

Once the end fabric is in place, glue the sides. I trim the cockpit canvas just at the bottom of the cockpit rails, then use long strips of cotton bed sheets to cover the rails and overlap the canvas on the inside and the edges of the bottom sheet on the outside.

I cut slits into the deck to lock the tabs on the rims into the deck. Using PLp glue the rings into the deck, lay a bead of PLp around the rim near the top, then press the rim into the deck aligning the locking tab in the deck slots. Once you paint the thin fabric, you can change colors, but it won't ever stick as well as the first coat does. I found Sawfish tended to wander from side to side just a bit when paddling, I needed a way for the kayak to go in a straight line, so I came up with a plastic skeg.

This skeg was a bit undersized, while I could make the kayak go where I needed with a bit of extra muscle, It is just to small for safety. My wife was caught in a strong wind in Sawfish recently and ended up on the downwind shore, she just couldn't get the bow to turn into the wind, no matter how hard she paddled At the same time some friends of ours were also out on the same pond and were able to make it back thanks in part to the long strake I added to their Sawfish kayaks.

In their case this strake runs all the way from under the forward bulkhead, to almost the end of the stern. This seems to be a good length, without causing problems with getting in and out of the boat with the bow just resting on the beach. However their foam strake caused another problem, the stern of the kayak was out of the water because the extra foam pushed it up.

This causes the bow to be down in the water, making them slower. I tried a strake made of foam on sawfish, but found it made the boat slower. You may have noticed the foam strakes on the outer edge that some people have added to replicate the designs found on plastic kayaks.

It turns out that those extra edges molded into plastic hulls are not for stability or tracking, but instead to keep the thin plastic hull from deforming in the water. Look at the way fish are designed, they have smooth bodies and thin fins to reduce drag. Plastic fins recreate this better than any other way.

You need a plastic cutting board the longer the better. I found smaller cutting boards at the dollar store. I was able to make three fins from each cutting board, making them cheaper than the harbor freight fins. Start by measuring 2" from the long edge of the cutting board, this will be your total fin height.

Measure 3" from that line and mark another line between the two long lines. Repeat for the opposite end. Now cut along the 2" line and the lines that run through the holes you just bored.

Remove the plastic between these holes so that you create "legs" for the fin. These legs will set the correct depth for the fin in the hull. Bore holes every inch or so in the legs, see pictures these will be the only real way that the fin will be anchored in the hull.

Lay out the fins along the center line, you want the stern most one to end where the stern of the boat is two inches across on the bottom. Set the next fin 2 inches, minimum, forward of the aft most fin, I like to have them 4 inches apart, all the way up the center line you don't want them to be too close together, as the fabric glued to the foam in between each fin keeps the hull strong.

Use longer fins toward the back of the boat, and shorter fins from the shorter cutting board toward the front. You want to have a fin under the bow, with the forward end just where the foam is two inches across the bottom. This fin will be what hits the ground when you beach your boat, and will help you slide off the beach when launching. Set the legs of the fin on the hull and trace around them skeg video.

Using the razor knife cut along the lines, bury the blade all the way into the foam. You want each leg pocket to be 1" deep into the foam. Test that the fin sits flush with the hull, with the legs fully inserted into the hull. Dig out any foam that blocks them. Dig small pockets off to the side that taper away from the skin, in line with each hole mark.

Do this off to both sides. Using the tip of the adhesive tube, pump PLpremium adhesive into each pocket. Press the cutting board legs all the way into the pockets, use a bondo spatula to remove the excess glue around the edges.

As the adhesive cures it swells, this will lock the fin into the hull, and will try to push the fin back out of the holes unless you hold it in until cured. Lay bricks on each end of the fin to keep it fully inserted. Excess glue will push out around the fins, I use a flush cut saw to cut the glue and then rip it off.

The row of fins reminds me of the plates on the back of a dinosaur, or the "saw blade" nose of a real saw fish. Handles are an important part of securing and carrying your boat around, since the boat is made of foam, the only way to attach anything securely to it is to embed it in the foam with a good glue, just like the skegs in the last step were.

I do the same thing for rope anchors for the bow and right behind the cockpit for towing or gear lashing. Drill vertically into the foam until the bit holder is buried, repeat for the second mark. You might be able to use the phillips screw driver for this also. Then make sure the strap has enough free length to not trap your knuckes against the hull. I use the same idea to make small loops right behind the cockpit to use as tow points for ropes to other boats, and as gear leash anchors for fishing rods, etc.

I also like to add one to the bow for the bow line for securing to the car. Now that the paint is dry, you still need to add the hatch covers. You want them to be easy to slide in, with just a little friction. Sand or cut away any fabric or foam that interferes. Use the thin edge of the straight blade screw driver to cut a small groove all the way around the hole, about a quarter of an inch from the top skin. Be sure to have the hatch covers in while the foam is curing.

It won't take you long on a kayaking blog or page to find out that most paddlers, find their kayak seats to be uncomfortable. I agree. I started with just sitting on a square throwable boat cushion, after a while this feels like concrete My rear end gets numb and painfull before too long. I have a folding stadium that has a thin hard foam seat and a fabric back. I guess it beats a hard cement, steel, wood, or aluminum bench, but not by much I bought foam to make what many claim is the nicest foam seat for kayaking ever, however I haven't had time to make the seats yet.

Finally, I tried out what I think is the cheap, easy answer, a stadium seat that actually doesn't hurt my rear. Searching around on the web I discovered it seems to be usually sold under the name " Oniva seat ", I was getting them at a local discount chain, but they no longer carry them. Now I see that some Wallmarts have them. The seat most often recomended on paddling sites is the GCI sitbacker.

The Oniva seat folds flat and has a carry strap, I can also see it being used as a camping seat, and even a cushion for a quick nap in the sun. In my tandem sawfish, Tango, we use beach chairs , which are folding lawn chairs, with really short legs, intended to allow you to sit at the beach with your body out of the sand, but not high enough to be unstable on the sand.

The sand chairs aren't perfect, they have a seat back angle that is slightly too reclined for putting extra power into the paddling, however for an easy paddle or for fishing they should work just fine.

If you look at the tubes and joints of the seat, it is easy to see that some minor modifications could make the seat have a more vertical back to it. I'll get around to it someday, but until then, I just sit forward a little and paddle, it works for a few hours without any strain. Just be sure that you can fit a sand chair into your cockpit, I can fit the sand chairs just fine in Tango, but the cockpit in Sawfish is too narrow for a sand chair.

My most recent seating experiment isn't finalized yet, but I like it the best. I like it because the seat is clipped to the hull, and the high back gives me the ability to control the tilt of the kayak hull from my hips called edging in kayak lingo, a technique used for steering. Fishing from a kayak has become a very popular activity in the past few years.

Just about any kayak can be outfitted for fishing, at a cost that is much less than that of a motorboat and trailer. Not to mention how much healthier it is to paddle in and out. By widening the hull to 36" in the middle he made his boat wide enough to stand up in. He also added foot pedal steering connected to a trolling motor.

He also made a nice video showing the details of his kayak, and a full build video that explains how he put it all together. NiteWolfFishing has another great video of his Wolfeyak. Rick INSC has built a couple motorized foam fishing kayaks. Mandrews has also been making a good series of youtube videos of his Sawfish build. I share the link of his test under motor power. Matt fletcher built a short one as well.

I haven't gone fishing since high school, so don't ask me for tips on how to rig your boat, I would recommend that you head on over to Kayak diy projects and tutorials and do some research on the mods most kayak fishermen find useful. From what I see, anchor travelers, power poles, and fish finder mounts are the most popular, and the guys there love the foam kayak idea, so don't be afraid to post up what you are building. I had a friend ask me for two Sawfish kayaks so he could take his wife fishing.

He liked the idea of build in rod holders, and his wife asked me to make the sides a little higher. I started with the basic Sawfish design, but made the aft bulkhead wider to allow rod holders to be embedded in the foam. I've since gone away from adding the extra thick thick bulkhead with rod holders and instead recommend a crate set up for fishing, with some straps or bungee cord to hold it in place. Many of these fishing modded sawfish end up getting a battery and motor, be aware that this means you must register your boat in every place I know of, save your receipts for all of the materials used!

I was at the Old Town factory store recently and noticed that the latest design they have, has the motor fixed in place, and the steering is done with a rudder. This could be done with the motor mounted anywhere, even off to one side. I have an idea for a larger hatch you could use here.

He might get reported as a UFO from a distance, but no one will be able to miss him on the water! Use a little five minute epoxy to glue the bottle over the lens end of the flashlight, fabricate a PVC pipe to hold the flashlight higher than your head behind the seat, and you have an excellent light for after dark.

Just be aware , if you add a motor to your kayak the regulations for lighting get much tougher. Any light you have on a motor boat has to be visible for two miles in the dark, there are only a few lights with this rating. If you don't have a motor, a flashlight you can wave is good enough your cell phone probably has one you could use in an emergency I prefer those cheap Energizer LED headlamps, if a boat approaches I stare at them and shake my head, making the light appear to flash.

I tried a few different things to bore the holes for the rod holders, and ultimately created a new tool to do the job. Since the cockpit floor is 7. Using a saw, I cut teeth into one end of the pipe. By inserting two screwdrivers into the holes in the top, I could lean on them and turn, boring a perfect hole into the foam. When I hit the depth I wanted, I gave it a few turns then pulled the tool out. The plug came out in the cutting pipe, leaving a perfect hole.

I asked for which sizes to use on the best kayak fishing facebook page and was told that 1. I made a tool in both sizes, and put two of each size in each kayak, bored into the aft bulkhead. I angled the outboard pipes so that they would hold a rod at a good angle for trolling, and put the center two vertically for out of the way storage.

I could have probably added five or six holders, but four seemed the standard number seen on most DIY kayak mods. To keep the end of the PVC pipes from tearing up the rod handles, I flared the ends of the pipes with heat, using an incandescent light bulb as the heat source, then holding the pipes under the faucet while flared by a glass bottle until they took the new shape.

After the whole hull was wrapped in fabric, I sanded the outside of the PVC pipe with 60 grit, then glued the pipes in with gorilla glue.

I also added loops of nylon strap with the ends glued into the foam with PLp, to anchor rod leashes too, with one anchor between each set of rod holders. Even if you don't ever plan on fishing from your kayak, adding the rod holders will make it that much more useful for you, the rod holders are handy spots to install an umbrella for sun protection, or anchor a light in for night time paddling.

It will also make it that much easier to sell, and for more money if you can call it a fishing kayak. The gear anchor loops are also a great place to tie off another kayak when you end up towing another boat. For damage to the foam, use the razor to cut around the damage, don't go deeper than an inch.

Use paint to glue the edges of the patch to the fabric that overlaps around the foam, then paint the new fabric patch to match the rest of the hull. Most of us are not fortunate enough to live on the water, even if I did, I would want variety. New waters mean new scenery, and places to explore and discover. One lake I paddled recently, has almost no undeveloped shore line.

I spotted ducks, cormarants, and Canada geese, then was amazed to get a fly by from a Bald Eagle! More bird types on this very urban pond than I've found on remote Adirondack ponds, or secluded spots in the river. Getting your boat to these spots couldn't be easier. Unlike plastic or wood kayaks, Sawfish is super light, easy enough for almost anyone to toss up on roof racks.

Thanks to being light weight Sawfish can be carried a good distance without becoming a strain. While exploring the Adirondacks I carried Sawfish nearly a quarter mile from one pond to another. This was a marked canoe carry with a smooth enough path through the woods.

Unlike most people who carry the boat across, then return and carry their gear, I simply put Sawfish over one shoulder, hung the seat strap over the other and carried the paddle with my free hand. It took me longer to answer questions about the boat, than the portage took! Thanks to the light weight, I've also been able to park and walk a distance to the water, much further than most kayakers or canoers would want to deal with.

Another way to carry Sawfish is resting on the top of my head like a hat, thanks to the softness of the foam, it doesn't hurt like a plywood boat does. A simpler, cheaper option than a roof rack, would be canoe blocks, foam blocks with a groove cut into them to lock over the rails of the boat.

Either way, you need a good way to secure the boat to the car. In the above pictures you will notice the bow rope is tied to a strap coming up next to the hood. I've added these anchor points to every car I've owned. To make it easier to carry my paddles around I carry them in a bag , this way they are protected, and aren't all trying to slide out and fall when I carry them. As soon as you start planning to build a boat, you also need to keep an eye out for the gear to use it safely. Try some on at a walmart or boating store, if the prices scare you off, or they don't have paddling ones, Amazon and Ebay, even Craigslist are good options.

I have three I use depending on the season. An Onyx movement probably the most budget friendly with quality features and comfort, I wear this for cool weather paddling. An NRS Ninja for the ocean, rough water, warm weather paddling. For hot weather, flat water paddling I wear an inflatable belt pack PFD it won't save my life if I am unconscious in the water, or panic and don't get it on correctly, but it gives me a fighting chance of surviving in most conditions.

Any PFD you wear is times better than one left in the boat I have a variety of paddles, mostly from discount stores, my favorites have a graphite shaft so they weigh very little. I prefer blades that are brightly colored, as they tend to flash in the sun, increasing your safety on the water through better visibility. I keep our family set of paddles in one paddle quiver bag to protect them and keep them organized. You will have to sculpt a foam base under the seat for comfort, or buy one of the very expensive ones with a thicker cushion under the seat.

I always carry my phone in the boat for safety. I also use the here app for data free, off line, GPS positioning and maps. I keep the phone in a phone dry bag that allows me to hear music, and take pictures through it. Sawfish was the first boat I designed, my 10th or so boat build. It is light weight, fast relative term , inexpensive, unsinkable, and stable. I really only had time to build this boat starting in April of , and even then only spent one or two hours two or three days a week to not only complete this hull, but cut out the parts for three more, and partially assemble another.

I cannot put a time to build with the boat because of this, but it won't really take that much longer than a plywood boat. It will never rot, it will never sink, it is stable enough to trust your kids in, can be built for cheap money, with stuff found at home stores and discount retailers. Even real snobbish kayakers will not know you have a home built boat until they take a close look at it. Before you launch your kayak, be sure to write your phone number and name inside a cargo compartment.

I live in a state where human and sail powered craft do not need any registration, however there are states and countries that require a registration, and that requires a hull number. I'm using the same idea Gavin Atkin uses for the mouseboats, and shorty pen uses for the Puddle duck racer.

When you get your hull to the 3D stage glued together into a boat shape, doesn't have to be sculpted yet even send me a message here on instructables, I'll give you a hull number and will keep a list on the next page. I ask that the picture be with the boat in the water, it looks nicer.

This is the only payment I ask for answering your questions and sharing my plans and ideas for free. If you want to see which numbers go with which hull, follow this link and scroll through.

Sawfish the original boat , MA pantherworks 2. He also Pocket Hole Jig Walmart Canada New figured out the better way to do the decks on Sawfish He wrote about his build experience in Duckworks Magazine. Brickfish, BrianM, first Sawfish 11, shortened to fit in and out of the builders apartment. Sunburn , sawfish 12, built by my 12 year old son, possibly the last using the old cut pattern.

Wolfeyak , Mark Alexander. I know there are more out there, post your pictures in the comments here, or Rowerwet. A this is the most common question I get, yes you can use EPS, the beaded foam panels, just be aware that they will absorb water unless carefully sealed. You might want to consider coating the whole bottom of the hull with marine epoxy, or some other tough, waterproof membrane.

Stored dry, especially someplace hot, with any tears or holes carefully repaired after each paddle, you will probably be fine. A you can make two inch foam by laminating one inch foam sheets together, I've done it with gorilla glue, just keep the loops to an overlapping pattern of three inch circles.

You could do this with other thicknesses, just be sure that the bottom of the kayak is one and a half inches thick minimum, two inches is best for strength. I can't find the glues you recommend, or they are very expensive in my country.

A This is more of an issue than I ever imagined, my best answer is to find any boat building blogs in your country, and see if there is a local equivalent. More than one builder has found something locally made and sold that was close enough. When you do find it, and are happy with the results, please share that info here or on my facebook page, it will help others in the same situation. The more this design is built around the world, the better the support will be for those who want to build outside of North America.

Have you or anyone ever tried some other coating than the ones mentioned in the Instructable? A If it hasn't been mentioned, then most likely no.

I have a system that works, and I'm all about low cost and simple, If you do try it, please post back here or on my facebook page in a year or two and let us know what the long term results are, you might have the next great idea. A Yes! A Yes, but aware that a motor makes it so that you have to register the boat, save all of your receipts for what you buy to prove you paid taxes on the materials.

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The iPhone 4s in was the first model to be manufactured simultaneously by two stand-alone companies: Foxconn and Pegatron , both based in Taiwan. The 6 Plus model is being produced solely by Foxconn. The touchscreen on the first five generations is a 3. The iPhone 5 model's screen results in an aspect ratio of approximately The touch and gesture features of the iPhone are based on technology originally developed by FingerWorks.

The iPhone 3GS and later also feature a fingerprint -resistant oleophobic coating. The iPhone has a minimal hardware user interface, with most models featuring five buttons. The only physical menu button is situated directly below the display and is called the "Home button" because its primary function is to close the active app and navigates to the home screen of the interface. Earlier models included a rounded square , reminiscent of the shape of icons on the home screen, however, new models which include Apple's fingerprint recognition feature Touch ID which use the Home button as the fingerprint sensor have no symbol.

In the newer models starting with the iPhone 6, it is on right of the device. It serves as the unit's power button, and also controls phone calls. Situated on the left spine are the volume adjustment controls. The iPhone 4 has two separate circular buttons to increase and decrease the volume; all earlier models house two switches under a single plastic panel, known as a rocker switch, which could reasonably be counted as either one or two buttons. This switch does not mute alarm sounds from the Clock application, and in some countries or regions it will not mute the camera shutter or Voice Memo sound effects.

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Since the iPhone 8 it supports Galileo. The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus , introduced in , feature 3D Touch displays which allow the screen to recognize how hard it is being pressed using pressure-sensitive multi-touch technology, and a new Taptic Engine to provide haptic feedback.

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The first-generation iPhone and iPhone 3G have a fixed-focus 2. It has no optical zoom, flash or autofocus , and does not natively support video recording. Video recording is possible on the first-generation iPhone and iPhone 3G via a third-party app available on the App Store or through jailbreaking.

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The iPhone 5 and iPhone 4S , running iOS 6 or later, can take panoramas using the built-in camera app, [] and the iPhone 5 can also take still photos while recording video. The camera on the iPhone 5 reportedly shows purple haze when the light source is just out of frame, [] although Consumer Reports said it "is no more prone to purple hazing on photos shot into a bright light source than its predecessor or than several Android phones with fine cameras On all five model generations, the phone can be configured to bring up the camera app by quickly pressing the home key twice.

The iPhone 5S features True Tone Flash, which has two LED lights, white and amber, that will improve white balance and will be adjusted in 1, combinations. Its image sensor is now 15 percent larger than its previous model. The iPhone 5C, however, has the same camera features as the iPhone 5. Both models can shoot p videos at 60 frames per second. With the release of iOS 8 , the iPhone 4S and later models can now shoot time-lapse videos, with its capability to switch frame rates automatically as the recording increases its time.

The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus are outfitted with a megapixel camera, with 4K video capability at 30fps. The front-facing camera is upgraded to 5 megapixels.

Other features added are Live Photos and Retina Flash, which turns the screen into a giant flash. The iPhone 7 features optical image stabilization on its rear camera, a feature that was previously exclusive to the Plus models, and the 7 Plus is the first iPhone to feature dual-lens cameras both 12 MP.

Both models have a 7 MP front-facing camera. The iPhone 8 camera remains largely the same as its predecessor, but it features a larger sensor and a newer color filter.

The camera can also now record 4K at 60 and 24 frames per second, and slow-mo at p in frames per second. The new camera system also enables Portrait Lighting, which defines the light in a scene.

The XS series has a telephoto lens, while the lower end XR has only one lens. It also features Smart HDR, using the power of A12 Bionic chip, along with the Neural Engine, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and some advancements to provide better photos with improved dynamic range.

The iPhone 11, 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max introduced an ultrawide lens; the latter two became the first triple-camera iPhones. The 11 has a dual-lens setup, lacking the telephoto lens of the 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max. The front camera is now capable of recording video at 4K as a result of a new 12 MP sensor, and can also capture slow-motion footage.

The second-generation iPhone SE's camera hardware is the same as the iPhone 8, but adds Portrait mode, Portrait lighting, Smart HDR, extended dynamic range for video up to 30 fps, stereo recording and cinematic video stabilization. The iPhone 12 series brought Night Mode brought to all camera lenses, including the TrueDepth camera.

The telephoto camera can now zoom up to 2. The iPhone was initially released with two options for internal storage size: 4 or 8 GB. On September 5, , Apple discontinued the 4 GB models. The iPhone 4 was available in 16 and 32 GB variants, as well as an 8 GB variant, to be sold alongside the iPhone 4S at a reduced price point. The iPhone 6 and 6S were available in three sizes at launch: 16, 64, and GB. When the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were released, Apple changed the base model storage capacity from 16 to 32 GB.

Both the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus have configurations of 32, , and GB storage. The GB model on the iPhone XR was discontinued in and remained with two remaining storage options.

The iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 mini will come in 64, and GB configurations. The SIM sits in a tray, which is inserted into a slot at the top of the device. In the case of Verizon, for example, one can request that the SIM slot be unlocked for international use by calling their support number and requesting an international unlock if their account has been in good standing for the past 60 days.

All iPhones as well as many other devices by Apple have a small disc at the bottom of the headphone jack that changes from white to red on contact with water; the iPhone 3G and later models also have a similar indicator at the bottom of the dock connector.

However, with the adoption of water resistance as a feature of the iPhone, this practice is no longer in use by Apple. The iPhone's indicators are more exposed than those in some mobile phones from other manufacturers, which carry them in a more protected location, such as beneath the battery behind a battery cover.

These indicators can be triggered during routine use, by an owner's sweat, [] steam in a bathroom, and other light environmental moisture. All iPhone models include written documentation, and a dock connector to USB cable. The first generation and 3G iPhones also came with a cleaning cloth.

The first generation iPhone includes a stereo headset earbuds and a microphone and a plastic dock to hold the unit upright while charging and syncing. The iPhone 3G includes a similar headset plus a SIM eject tool the first generation model requires a paperclip. The iPhone 3GS includes the SIM eject tool and a revised headset, which adds volume buttons not functional with previous iPhone versions.

The iPhone 3G and 3GS are compatible with the same dock, sold separately, but not the first generation model's dock. In October at the iPhone 12 virtual event, Apple announced that they will be removing the power adapter and EarPods from iPhone packaging. In September , with the launch of the iPhone 6 , Apple announced Apple Pay , a mobile payment system.

The feature, aimed to "revolutionize" the way users pay, uses an NFC chip, Touch ID fingerprint scanner Face ID on iPhone X and later , Apple's Wallet app, and a dedicated "Secure Element" chip for encrypted payment information to make purchases at participating stores, both physical and online.

All iPhone models have a haptic engine to vibrate when a notification or alert, incoming call, etc. The iPhone 4S uses a linear resonant actuator vibrator, which usually uses less power and creates a quieter vibration. It is unsure as to why Apple decided to switch back. However, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus uses a linear resonant actuator vibrator.

The iPhone comes with a set of bundled applications developed by Apple, [] and supports downloading third-party applications through the App Store. Apple provides free [] updates to the operating system for the iPhone either wirelessly or through iTunes. The size of the operating system depends on the version.

While iOS 8 required over 4. The interface is based around the home screen, a graphical list of available applications. Starting with the iPhone 4, a primitive version of multitasking came into play. Users could double click the home button to select recently opened applications.

Starting with iOS 7, though, apps can truly multitask, and each open application runs in the background when not in use, although most functionality is still available when making a call or listening to music.

The home screen can be accessed by a hardware button below the screen on the iPhone 8 and earlier. It is available on devices with an A9 chip or newer. Docked at the base of the screen, four icons for Phone , Mail , Safari Internet , and Music delineate the iPhone's main purposes. After the update, iPhone users can rearrange and place icons by holding down on any icon and moving it to the desired location once they start shaking on up to nine other adjacent home screens, accessed by a horizontal swipe.

Users can also add and delete icons from the dock, which is the same on every home screen. The dock holds up to four icons and is located at the bottom section of the screen. Each home screen holds up to twenty icons for the first-generation iPhone , 3G , 3GS , 4 and 4S ; The iPhone 5 , 5C , 5S , and first-generation iPhone SE hold up to twenty-four icons; while the iPhone 6 and later iPhone models support up to twenty-eight icons.

Users can delete Web Clips and third-party applications at any time and may select only certain applications for transfer from iTunes. Apple's default programs could only be removed since the iOS 10 update. Almost all input is given through the touch screen, which understands complex gestures using multi-touch. The iPhone's interaction techniques enable the user to move the content up or down by a touch-drag motion of the finger.

For example, zooming in and out of web pages and photos is done by placing two fingers on the screen and spreading them farther apart or bringing them closer together, a gesture known as " pinching ".

Scrolling through a long list or menu is achieved by sliding a finger over the display from bottom to top, or vice versa to go back. In either case, the list moves as if it is pasted on the outer surface of a wheel, slowly decelerating as if affected by friction.

In this way, the interface simulates the physics of a real object. Unlike previous scrollable views, in which the user pressed a "down" control to move the view "downwards", on iOS the user pushes upwards , as if moving a "plank of wood floating on the water", creating the impression that the user is directly manipulating the content displayed on the screen.

Other user-centered interactive effects include horizontally sliding sub-selection, the vertically sliding keyboard and bookmarks menu, and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on the other side. Menu bars are found at the top and bottom of the screen when necessary. Their options vary by program but always follow a consistent style motif.

In menu hierarchies, a "back" button in the top-left corner of the screen displays the name of the parent folder.

The iPhone allows audio conferencing , call holding, call merging, caller ID , and integration with other cellular network features and iPhone functions.

For example, if music is playing when a call is received, the music fades out and fades back in when the call has ended. The proximity sensor shuts off the screen and touch-sensitive circuitry when the iPhone is brought close to the face, both to save battery and prevent unintentional touches.

The iPhone does not support video calling or videoconferencing on versions prior to the fourth generation, as there is only one camera on the opposite side of the screen. The iPhone includes a visual voicemail in some countries [] feature allowing users to view a list of current voicemail messages on-screen without having to call into their voicemail. Unlike most other systems, messages can be listened to and deleted in a non-chronological order by choosing any message from an on-screen list.

A music ringtone feature was introduced in the United States on September 5, Users can create custom ringtones from songs purchased from the iTunes Store for a small additional fee. The ringtones can be three to 30 seconds long from any part of a song, can fade in and out, pause from half a second to five seconds when looped, or loop continuously.

All customizing can be done in iTunes, [] or with Apple's GarageBand software 4. With the release of iOS 6 , which was released on September 19, , Apple added features that enable the user to have options to decline a phone call when a person is calling them.

The user can reply with a message, or set a reminder to call them back at a later time. The layout of the music library is similar to that of an iPod. The iPhone can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists , genres , composers, podcasts , audiobooks , and compilations. Options are presented alphabetically, except in playlists, which retain their order from iTunes.

The iPhone uses a large font that allows users plenty of room to touch their selection. Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow. Like on iTunes, this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library.

Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. On the iPhone 3GS, the volume can be changed with the included Apple Earphones, and the Voice Control feature can be used to identify a track, play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist, or create a Genius playlist. The iPhone supports gapless playback. Double-tapping switches between widescreen and fullscreen video playback.

The iPhone allows users to purchase and download songs from the iTunes Store directly to their iPhone. The feature originally required a Wi-Fi network, but since , it can be used on a cellular data network.

The iPhone includes software that allows the user to upload, view, and email photos taken with the camera. The user zooms in and out of photos by sliding two fingers further apart or closer together, much like Safari. The camera application also lets users view the camera roll, the pictures that have been taken with the iPhone's camera. Those pictures are also available in the Photos application, along with any transferred from iPhoto or Aperture on a Mac, or Photoshop on a Windows PC.

The iPhone did not support voice recording until the 3. True 5G support was added starting with the iPhone 12 series in fall All iPhone 12 models support sub-6Ghz frequencies, but only models purchased in the United States support mmWave. By default, the iPhone will ask to join newly discovered Wi-Fi networks and prompt for the password when required.

Alternatively, it can join closed Wi-Fi networks manually. Airplane mode disables all wireless connections at once, overriding other preferences. Safari is the iPhone's native web browser , and it displays pages similar to its Mac and Windows counterparts. Web pages may be viewed in portrait or landscape mode and the device supports automatic zooming by pinching together or spreading apart fingertips on the screen, or by double-tapping text or images.

The iPhone does not support Flash , which was still popular when the iPhone was introduced. The Maps application can access Google Maps in map, satellite , or hybrid form. It can also generate directions between two locations, while providing optional real-time traffic information. During the iPhone's announcement, Jobs demonstrated this feature by searching for nearby Starbucks locations and then placing a prank call to one with a single tap. The iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4 can orient the map with its digital compass.

Simple weather and stock quotes applications also tap into the Internet. According to Google , in , the iPhone generated 50 times more search requests than any other mobile handset. This is 30 times the use for our average contract-based consumer customers.

With the introduction of the Verizon iPhone in January , the issue of using the internet while on the phone was brought to the public's attention. Under the two U. For text input, the iPhone implements a virtual keyboard on the touchscreen. It has automatic spell checking and correction, predictive word capabilities, and a dynamic dictionary that learns new words. The keyboard can predict what word the user is typing and complete it, and correct for the accidental pressing of keys near the presumed desired key.

The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in landscape mode , which is supported by only a limited number of applications. Touching a section of text for a brief time brings up a magnifying glass , allowing users to place the cursor in the middle of existing text. The virtual keyboard can accommodate 21 languages, including character recognition for Chinese. Alternative characters with accents for example, letters from the alphabets of other languages and emoji can be typed from the keyboard by pressing the letter for two seconds and selecting the alternative character from the popup.

Since iOS 8, third party keyboards, distributed through the App Store, are allowed. Previously, they were only available on jailbroken iPhones. The iPhone also features an email program that supports HTML email , which enables the user to embed photos in an email message. Apple has also licensed Microsoft ActiveSync and supports the platform including push email with the release of iPhone 2. Text messages are presented chronologically in a mailbox format similar to Mail, which places all text from recipients together with replies.

Text messages are displayed in speech bubbles similar to iChat under each recipient's name. The iPhone has built-in support for email message forwarding, drafts, and direct internal camera-to-email picture sending. Support for multi-recipient SMS was added in the 1. At WWDC on June 11, , Apple announced that the iPhone would support third-party web applications using Ajax that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface. It is a free download, with an Apple registration, that allows developers to develop native applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, then test them in an "iPhone simulator".

However, loading an application onto a real device is only possible after paying an Apple Developer Connection membership fee. Developers can also opt to release the application for free and will not pay any costs to release or distribute the application beyond the membership fee.

Once a developer has submitted an application to the App Store, Apple holds firm control over its distribution. NetShare, another rejected app, would have enabled users to tether their iPhone to a laptop or desktop, using its cellular network to load data for the computer.

As of October [update] , Apple has passed 60 billion app downloads. As of January [update] , the App Store has over 2. The original iPhone has been described as "revolutionary", [] a "game-changer" for the mobile phone industry, [] [] [] [] and has been credited with helping to make Apple one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies by The iPhone attracts users of all ages, [35] and besides consumer use, the iPhone has also been adopted for business purposes.

Starting with the iPhone 4S, Apple added an accessibility feature to optimize the function of the iPhone with hearing aids. Made for iPhone hearing aids also feature Live Listen. With Live Listen the iPhone acts as a remote microphone that sends sound to a Made for iPhone hearing aid.

Live Listen can help the user hear a conversation in a noisy room or hear someone speaking across the room. This program added support for more than 50 Bluetooth wireless braille displays that work with iOS out of the box. The user only needs to pair the keyboard to the device to start using it to navigate the iOS device with VoiceOver without any additional software. It delivers both visual and vibrating alerts for incoming phone and FaceTime calls, new text messages, new and sent mail, and calendar events.

Users can set an LED light flash for incoming calls and alerts or have incoming calls display a photo of the caller. Users can choose from different vibration patterns or even create their own. The iPhone can enlarge text to make it more accessible for vision-impaired users, [] and can accommodate hearing-impaired users with closed captioning and external TTY devices. With the release of iOS 9 for all iPhones, users have the ability to choose between two different screen view options.

The user can choose to have a standard view or zoomed view. When the iPhone is placed in a standard view setting, the icons are normal size and the text remains the same.

With a zoomed view option, the icons on the screen and the text become slightly larger. This enables the user to have a more customized appearance and it can potentially help some users read the screen easier. AssistiveTouch helps to adapt the Multi-Touch screen of an iOS device to a user's unique physical needs. This can be of great assistance to those who have difficulty with some gestures, like pinch, one can make them accessible with just a tap of a finger. The user can create their own gestures and customize the layout of the AssistiveTouch menu.

If the user has trouble pressing the Home button, it can be set so that it can be activated with an onscreen tap. Gestures, like rotate and shake, are available even when if the iOS device is mounted on a wheelchair. Guided Access helps people with autism or other attention and sensory challenges stay focused on the task or app at hand. With Guided Access, a parent, teacher, or therapist can limit an iOS device to stay on one app by disabling the Home button and limit the amount of time spent in an app.

The user can restrict access to the keyboard or touch input on certain areas of the screen. In Apple began developing satellites so that the iPhone could skip wireless carriers. The models in bold are devices of the latest generation:. Apple has filed more than patent applications related to the technology behind the iPhone. On September 3, , Infogear filed for the U. In , Infogear filed an infringement claim against the owners of the iPhones.

The intellectual property rights were granted to the owners of the iPhones. As of October , only the Singapore and Australian applications had been granted. Comwave has been selling VoIP devices called iPhone since Shortly after Steve Jobs' January 9, announcement that Apple would be selling a product called iPhone in June , Cisco issued a statement that it had been negotiating trademark licensing with Apple and expected Apple to agree to the final documents that had been submitted the night before.

On February 2, , Apple and Cisco announced that they had agreed to temporarily suspend litigation while they held settlement talks, [] and subsequently announced on February 20, , that they had reached an agreement. Both companies will be allowed to use the "iPhone" name [] in exchange for "exploring interoperability" between their security, consumer, and business communications products. Nokia alleges that Apple has been violating ten Nokia patents since the iPhone initial release. In August , Apple won a smartphone patent lawsuit in the U.

In March , an Apple patent for a wraparound display was revealed. Around April 20, , a hidden unencrypted file on the iPhone and other iOS devices was widely discussed in the media. Previous versions of iOS stored similar information in a file called "h-cells. F-Secure discovered that the data is transmitted to Apple twice a day and postulate that Apple is using the information to construct their global location database similar to the ones constructed by Google and Skyhook through wardriving.

The file is also automatically copied onto the user's computer once synchronized with the iPhone. An open-source application named "iPhoneTracker", which turns the data stored in the file into a visual map, was made available to the public in April Apple gave an official response on their web site on April 27, , [] after questions were submitted by users, the Associated Press and others. Apple clarified that the data is a small portion of their crowd-sourced location database cache of Wi-Fi hotspots and cell towers which is downloaded from Apple into the iPhone for making location services faster than with only GPS, therefore the data does not represent the locations of the iPhone.

The volume of data retained was an error. Apple issued an update for iOS version 4. The "Frequent Locations" feature found in "Settings" under "Location Services" stores commonly visited locations locally on the device.

However, this feature also keeps track of the number of times that the user has been to that location, the dates, and the exact times. Media outlets have publicized instructions on how this can be disabled for concerned users. A privacy experiment conducted by the Washington Post determined that the iPhone transmitted a host of personal data without the user's knowledge or consent, including phone number, email, exact location, device model and IP address , to "a dozen marketing companies, research firms and other personal data guzzlers" via 5, hidden app trackers.

They can read almost all smartphone information, including SMS, location, emails, and notes. Throughout , prosecutors in the United States argued for the U. The shooters had destroyed their personal phones. The U. The GrayKey, manufactured by Grayshift , can unlock iPhones, even if they are disabled. As of April [update] , Apple's privacy policy addresses requests from government agencies for access to customers' data: "Apple has never worked with any government agency from any country to create a 'backdoor' in any of our products or services.

We have also never allowed any government access to our servers. And we never will. Apple iOS in combination with their specific hardware uses crypto-shredding when activating the "Erase all content and settings" by obliterating all the keys in ' effaceable storage'. This renderes all user data on the device cryptographically inaccessible. Apple tightly controls certain aspects of the iPhone. According to Jonathan Zittrain , the emergence of closed devices like the iPhone have made computing more proprietary than early versions of Microsoft Windows.

The hacker community has found many workarounds, most of which are disallowed by Apple and make it difficult or impossible to obtain warranty service.

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