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homemade-wood-sanding-machine-learning Issue 67 August 07, What's the problem with swapping Fender and Gibson bridges? The President ordered a blockade of uomemade island and demanded that Russia remove its missiles and reduce military forces there. After graduating from Eureka, Reagan worked as a radio sports announcer until he landed a Hollywood acting contract in On the public school homemade wood sanding machine learning, the Scarborough Lady Spartans have won four consecutive matches — including two by forfeit — and are on the season. Low humidity can cause fret sprout.

So in those two days, most businesses were scrambling for organizational documents or missing. The reason minorityowned businesses did not get money in the first round of PPP had nothing to do with available cash.

No, the reason is because many minorityowned businesses had numerous issues with banks and the requirements needed for the loans. Whether it was an institutional distrust, not enough resources to have all the proper documentation, a fear of debt, or incomplete tax returns, Congress and its financial advisors completely overlooked some of the most important issues keeping minority-owned businesses from getting the money.

Many of them use their banks and credit card receipts to create financials. No, when the good souls in D. The smallest business owners would rather take unemployment and hope to find something new once the pandemic ends. While there is hope the SBA and banks figure out how to get more money to desperate small businesses, the reality is the encumbrances of the first round, the mound of forgiveness documents sometimes spanning 20 pages and the utter lack of understanding for the reasons minority-owned businesses did not get loans the first time has led to a failure of this second stimulus plan.

Email jonathan mcelvypartners. Congress should have set aside money to help minority-owned businesses skip some of the hard demands, an issue that will be addressed in a future McElvy Partners article. The SBA fix was broken Along with the largest issue of not helping minorities, there have been other problems with this second round.

For some businesses that received the first round of PPP, if that first loan had not been forgiven, then SBA denied the second application, even though Congress was clear that the first PPP forgiveness should not matter, so long as businesses agreed to use up that money. What Congress, the SBA and banks may have missed is that small businesses the.

He scored 59 points in a win over Spring. Providence Classical on Feb. Public schools The Heights boys continued their winning streak last week by beating Lamar on Feb. Sir Roberts led three Bulldogs in double figures against Lamar with 24 points while adding nine rebounds.

Booker T. Washington split a pair of games last week, beating Mickey Leland College. I, from P. Jester Blvd. Suite A. You can find them at our office: N. Loop W. Preparatory on Feb. Kenneth Lewis had 46 points and 10 rebounds for the Eagles , against Mickey Leland, while Darius Potts scored 20 points to go along with six rebounds against Yates.

Elbert Reed and Caleb Calestine each added 14 points against the Lions. Waltrip had a pair of losses last week, falling to Northside on Feb. That left the Rams at overall and in District A. Scarborough is still in search of its first win after losing to Wheatley on Feb.

The Heights Lady Bulldogs. It was the 13th consecutive win for Heights , , which has clinched its second straight district title and is ranked 14th in the latest TABC poll for Class 6A.

In-person services are temporarily restricted. We invite you to worship with us! Weekly Worship Services a. Online services can be reached through the website below at am. S vindictive, sha it! Corrie ten prison camp s to realize that. So he said he was pleasantly surprised to find that only a stereo speaker and amplifier were missing. The steering column also had been damaged and the ignition was ripped out, which enabled the thief or thieves to hotwire it, Smith said.

Smith said it is not uncommon for stolen vehicles to be recovered, even in such a short period of time, because sometimes they are stolen and used to commit a subsequent crime, then abandoned after the fact.

Smith said. He said the gasoline gauge is broken and stuck on empty, so he suspects the person or people who stole it might have thought the truck was about to run out of gas. Now Polidore, who said he writes art curriculum for Houston ISD, will continue transforming the truck into an art car. He already has done some work to the interior. He wants to go retro with it, making it look like a Chevy on the outside with a s-themed interior.

He also hopes it will be less attractive to car thieves. Polidore said with a laugh. Jackson Lee wrote on Twitter. Property owner Bobby Grover of Grover Ventures had met earlier in the week with the HHA, an organization that serves both residents and businesses in the neighborhood, and the HHA said in a statement Wednesday that Grover committed to tailoring the facility to make it more compatible with the character of the neighborhood.

But the HHA said Grover was unwilling to budge on his plan to make the storage facility seven stories in height. The HHA said Grover also expressed an interest in enlisting a local muralist to create artwork on the property.

Grover indicated he intends to move forward with the development in a statement provided to The Leader on Tuesday. Grover said. Two of the petitioners, Heights residents Fred Lindner and Viula Torgerson, said they oppose the Big Tex Storage development because it is not compatible with the scale of surrounding buildings and does not fit with the pedestrian-friendly aesthetic of the neighborhood. The city plans to add bicycle lanes to that stretch of 11th Street while reducing the number of vehicular lanes from four to either three or two, depending on the intersection.

Torgerson said. Even if the Heights is stuck with a Big Tex Storage facility, the outcry of neighborhood residents could have a tangible effect. Sinclair, from P. He said the timeline would still allow the HISD facilities team to implement the project in time for the school year. And he stressed. Mashburn said the existing temporary buildings on campus, which are more than 30 years old, will be updated as needed and utilized in the upcoming year, perhaps as science or writing labs.

The principal also said there will still be a need for. Mashburn did not provide an estimated cost for the revised plan. Schaefer said.

How can we so easily turn around and accept them as a continued part of campus? Miles Sasser, president of the Timbergrove Manor Civic Club, said the compromise was a positive in that additional feedback was taken and the original plan changed when community input was considered. Sasser said he was a little surprised the previously expressed need for two new buildings, which was de-. If people are only committed to drive to work one or two times a week, will more of them decide to move to the suburbs?

Sasser knows more high-. Sinclair parent Traci Riley said there will be wins in other Houston school communities because of the neighborhood advocacy on this issue. Riley said. Wanting to run a classified ad? We accept credit cards. Houston Rosslyn. Looking to hire good local people? Leader classifieds get great response and cost less than the daily paper.

From a new coat of paint to a total remodel. Turn to the Leader Classifieds. To Advertise Call Today. Handyman has been in business for over 20 years, and are committed to serving homeowners with old-fashioned, friendly, reliable service.

We are locally owned and operated. One simple call provides easy scheduling, on time arrival, job done right the first time, fully insured, fully guaranteed, full clean up after work completed. Please call We look forward to working with you. Saturday, Feb. The exhibit will remain on view through April The artists were all part of a docuseries filmed during the pandemic and broadcast live in the latter part of The docuseries was narrated, directed and produced by artist MoNique LeRoux.

She interviewed the 13 LeRoux is the 14th multi-level career. In each episode, the artists express what they went through, how they coped and adjusted to a very changed world. There are tours of art spaces and studios and live painting. This shows in the videos, which are on YouTube. LeRoux is a Texas native with French Creole heritage born in the small town of. LeRoux is also a military veteran, former police officer and former firefighter. The latter is the career in which her fascination with fire.

In , LeRoux boxed up her last uniform and moved to Houston to pursue her passion. Yards in the Silos. I know many of these talented artists and am certain this will be a not-to-miss event. Find him at ArtValet. Revival Market is the type of place that makes me wish I lived in the Heights. Having grown up just a neighborhood over, I feel envious that the Heights is now full of cool neighborhood spots that are laidback in atmosphere, but still use quality ingredients in their food.

Even though the food costs more than a pretty penny. Over the last week I experienced a little bit of everything it offered, beginning with all-day breakfast. The buttermilk biscuit sandwich came with bacon and scrambled eggs. For the side I could choose breakfast potatoes or fresh fruit.

I went with the former. The space is set up with a small couch and chair area on one side, perfect for sitting and sipping on coffee.

It was made with espresso, chicory and milk. Chicory is a plant in the dandelion family and gave the drink an earthy, wood tinge that lightened up my morning. The biscuit was square and a dark golden brown. Inside the bacon was extra crispy and eggs were just right. The biscuit is aptly named because the buttery flakes of the bread was delicious with the eggs and bacon.

The breakfast potatoes were lightly crispy on the outside but soft on the inside and sprinkled with seasoning. When I stopped by during lunch time on another day, I got another kind of sandwich.

On the side I ordered the broccoli salad, which is charred broccoli with red onion, almonds, chili and. The sourdough on the sandwich was toasted, which was a nice touch. The sandwich was straightforward, but what kicks it into a higher level is the garlic aioli. While there was a tad too much on mine — it got everywhere — that garlic flavor made the sandwich. The broccoli salad was my favorite side. I thought the combination of the vegetable with spice and lime made me experience broccoli in a new way.

I also ended up grabbing. The meat cooked wonderfully. I enjoyed the quality of both the steak and the sausage. The marinade had really soaked into the steak and gave it a great taste, especially of garlic, which I love smothering my steak with.

The person who made the drink did a great job of balancing the ingredients, but the lavender Homemade Wood Sanding Machine Amazon was the most prominent, which I liked. My lunch was to-go, and it held up well in its containers and was still warm when I got home to try it out. I left with a steak that was packaged in a marinade of herbs, garlic,. Revival Market Address: Heights Blvd.

Hours: 7 a. Tuesday-Friday, 8 a. La Lucha, N. Shepherd Dr. To make a reservation, call the restaurant at Mutiny Wine Room, Usener St. Mutiny will offer a special three-course prix fixe wine pairing dinner that also includes a wine flight for two in its tasting room. Call or email info mutinywineroom. Urban Eats, Washington Ave. The vegan restaurant Verdine, W. On Friday, Verdine is offering two dinner specials, including Tempeh Piccata with fresh fettuccini and stuffed delicata squash with truffle risotto.

On Saturday, the restaurant will. Family Meal Group is the team behind both concepts at W. Kanpai was designed to be both its own bar and to be overflow space for guests at Hando.

Another way they brought Japanese features to the space was by implementing the element of a brick-toned Japanese roof inside that runs along the length of the bar. The space, which shares a door with Hando, is about square feet and sits 10 people at the bar.

Kanpai serves an array of cocktails, such as the Lazy Suze made with Hornitos Plata, Suze, apricot, coconut cream, lime, walnut and a spice blend served in a kitschy coconut glass, along with sake, beer and wine. The bar also serves small plates and late-. Its first location in the Hyde Park area operated as both a restaurant and convenience store.

The second location in the Heights will just operate as a restaurant serving Mediterranean food. New restaurant on 19th? Construction for Moonshine Deck, to be located at W. A Facebook message seeking comment was not returned. Crawfish season Mudbugs are officially in season and local restaurants are in supply. Contributed photo Pictured are some of the cocktails available at Kanpai Club, which recently opened at W. Kanpai, which is cashless, operates 4 p.

Friday and Satur-. Happy hour is from p. The late-night menu is available from 10 p. Friday and Saturday. Staying on top of your heart health has never been more important. At Memorial Hermann, our network of affiliated cardiologists offer proactive assessments and personalized plans to help keep risk factors in check.

And with enhanced safety measures in place at all of our facilities, you can get the care you need with peace of mind. That includes 58 million pounds of chocolate. Everything in moderation is probably the sage advice when it comes to candy, but in the realm of healthy chocolate, there are some clear winners. Registered dietitian Catherine Kruppa, who owns Houston-based Advice for Eating, said you should look for dark chocolate that is at least 60 percent cocoa.

Cocoa is the plant from which chocolate is made. Kruppa said the higher percentage indicates the chocolate has more flavonoids, which are antioxidants. Kruppa said she likes to indulge in a small piece of dark chocolate after dinner.

Other healthy options include chocolate-covered banana slices or strawberries, or adding dark chocolate chips to smoothies, protein balls and even as a topping for oatmeal. Here are some easy recipes if you want to take a swing at making sweets for your sweet. Junkin, D. Stir cocoa powder, honey and vanilla extract into melted oil until well blended.

Pour mixture into a candy mold or pliable tray. Refrigerate until chilled, about 1 hour. Dark Chocolate Hot Cocoa from Allreceipes. Suite Houston, TX www. Stock photo Drinking hot cocoa made with dark chocolate can provide health benefits in addition to being satisfying and warming on a cold day. Stir dark chocolate into milk until melted, 2 to 3 min-.

HHA continues to host blood donation events antibody tests. The next event is Thursday, Feb. Both upcoming events will be held from 10 a. Online registration is required. The HHA began hosting blood drives last May and has become a hub of sorts for the Gulf Coast Regional Blood Center, which provides blood for hospitals in 26 counties. Each donation can save three lives, because a pint of donated blood can be mined for plasma, platelets and red blood cells.

All donors are required to wear masks to help prevent the spread of COVID, and masks will be provided to those who do not have one. Also limited in research is the benefit of collagen for osteoporosis.

The Journal of Functional Foods reported that in lab studies, collagen peptides increased osteoblasts, cells that are responsible for building bone.

These have been small trials. It is made from the amino acids glycine, proline, hydroxyproline and arginine. The body naturally makes collagen. As we age, the ability to synthesize protein declines and our needs increase. We may also have less ability to absorb nutrients important for collagen production like we once did.

This is one good reason to evaluate your daily protein intake. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, high-sugar diets and excessive sun exposure can be additional reasons that collagen integrity can deteriorate. Replacing a section of this binding from the s requires thicknesses that are no longer available. Dan Erlewine has to custom-size some new wood bindings on his drill press. It's not hard to do: watch the new pieces fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. Titebond or hide glue? Hot glue or bottled?

Dan Erlewine uses three glues for this repair, and each has different properties. He explains why one glue can't cover all the bases. And he's created some pretty interesting cauls for clamping this job together while it dries! Dan Erlewine went to the Columbus Guitar Show to sell some fixer-uppers. Nobody bought this beautiful s Kay Deluxe; its neck joint problem must have seemed like too much work. The guitar came back home and volunteered for this Trade Secret about making a tiny saw for cleaning old glue joints!

Lindy Fralin, of Lindy Fralin Pickups, shows how he sets pickup heights. Lindy shows it's not about measuring, it's about listening. Recorded at last summer's Northwoods Seminar in Michigan. Bad news: the binding on this old Gibson is crumbling to bits. Worse news:that binding is the only thing holding the body together! Dan Erlewine's plan is to replace the binding bit-by-bit, so the top doesn't fall off. By grinding a new edge on a razor file, he creates a tool for cutting crisp square binding channels without a router.

Also, Dan explains a radical bracing change on an original Earthwood acoustic bass guitar. Michael Greenfield of Greenfield Guitars explains clearly why it's critical to have properly shaped and sanded guitar bodies before you rout them for binding. Frank Ford is the man behind frets.

He's a skilled luthier, machinist and inventor. Spend a few minutes in Frank's shop at Gryphon Instruments, and you'll come away smarter! Link Van Cleave is a sharp guy!

He taught tool sharpening at the Northwoods Seminar. That was a class on professional techniques, but Link also gave us this foolproof Trade Secret for making your favorite scraper super-sharp. We were lucky enough to get this video as Bryan Galloup interviewed Michi about his unique gunpowder scorching. The king of Gibson relic finishes: Tom Murphy is well known as Gibson's go-to guy for relic finishes: perfectly worn and age-cracked.

Tom's business, Guitar Preservation, makes this a specialty. In this week's Trade Secret he shows us how to make and use a scraper for cleaning binding after spraying a sunburst. Erick Coleman has a year-old pickup that's nearly dead: It's making a little bit of sound, but not much. Erick opens it up to find the trouble, and we get a good view of the guts of this vintage Fender pickup before he rewinds it.

Shaping a neck is all about feel. Chelsea Clark learned from Dan Erlewine, and honed her skills on abandoned "project guitars" found on Craigslist and eBay. Chelsea shares some great tips on shaping the neck and preparing it for a finish. As it turns out, the answer is yes and no Erick Coleman uses a hammer and X-Acto knife before filing. On this video he also talks with Dan Erlewine about how a Les Paul went from Bondo Mess to Relic Goldtop, with multiple luthiers contributing to its restoration.

Dan Erlewine modifies a plastic cutting board from Walmart to solve a guitar binding problem. He needs four matching pieces of black-white-black binding, and he shows a clever trick for doing this.

From the free Trade Secrets newsletter at stewmac. The conversation is about pre-war Martin tenor guitars, and Dick really knows this subject. Compact, low-profile guitar repair setup: Dan Erlewine removes the mounting base and bolts his StewMac Guitar Repair vise to the end of his bench, for a new low-angle working style. Also: a quick tour of Dan's customized workbench. Don't ruin your pickup rings by skipping this step! Dan Erlewine nibbles, files, scrapes and sands to create a curve that matches the top of his Les Paul.

Titan of the Tele: Bill Kirchen explains why he flips his control plate backwards, and shows how he got the famous sounds he recorded on Hot Rod Lincoln. Ever wonder whether a different capacitor would affect your tone? It's between you and your own ears, nobody else can tell you what you hear.

Erick Coleman's got a simple way to prove to yourself which cap is the choice for you. After nearly 60 years, old celluloid parts start to crumble. The pickup risers on a '55 Gretsch are rotting away, and Dan Erlewine builds new replacements from a sheet of tortoiseshell pickguard plastic.

A truss rod fix leads to a binding repair: Dan Erlewine has to remove the fingerboard from this great old cowboy guitar, and some of the red side dots disappear. He shows two techniques for replacing them. Two do-it-yourself tools that I've been using for years to shape the bridges on Martins: I show you how to make one in a jiffy, and there's a free downloadable plan for the other one!

The three basics to keep in mind if you want your work to be as good or better than the guitar's original wiring. The free Fret Position Calculator at stewmac.

I tested the computer against my "stone age" method. Dan Erlewine's working on a black lucite Dan Armstrong bass -- one of only eight that Ampeg ever made. The fretboard has a nasty crunch. Step-by-step, Dan details how he does this tricky fix. He brings back this great, simple tone tip from repairman Brian Delaney.

Erick Coleman builds a custom guitar that's even simpler than Bo Diddley's rectangular axe. It's a great example to show the basics of building an electric guitar.

A make-it-yourself solution for fast accurate 90 degree cuts on your table saw. Also a cool tip on making bendy, flexible cauls that follow the shapes on a guitar. Tips for fitting a shaped and slotted nut.

Dan Erlewine tries a preshaped nut in his own Fender Strat: it's so easy "it's almost like cheating! In Dan Erlewine's shop: This Martin D has a cracked top due to the pull of a shrinking plastic pickguard. Dan fixes the problem and shows how to keep this happening from happening again.

Dan Erlewine shows what he does when a bolt-on neck's mounting bolts aren't holding tight anymore. After 55 years, the original owner sells a Gibson Les Paul Junior because the pickup's dead.

Erick Coleman tells the story of bringing that pickup back to life. This issue of Trade Secrets is a video: Dan Erlewine demos three of his favorite finish repair tips: 1. Super glue drop fills. Frank Ford's razor blade trick. Strip-sanding with fingertip pressure. This issue of Trade Secrets is a video: Dan Erlewine glues a Martin back brace, using Scissor Jacks along with tools you can make in your own shop.

After this video, we developed the Brace Gluing Wedge to simplify this job and reduce the number of tools needed. Dan Erlewine fixes a s Harmony guitar with a bridge that's falling off.

To see how fast he can do this repair, Dan decided to play Beat The Clock! Dan Erlewine with a common truss rod problem: an over-adjusted rod that just won't work anymore.

Luckily, there's an easy fix! Includes catalog descriptions of these two great Gibsons. Erick Coleman installs P soapbar pickups into the dogear pickup frames on an Epiphone Casino. It's an easy upgrade that makes a big difference. Dan Erlewine has a Gibson doubleneck with a broken truss rod -- a problem that sends lots of guitars to the trash can.

What will it take to rescue this one? The answer might surprise you: it takes 65 minutes of work. Erick Coleman answers a question that's come up a lot lately: how to find the right size replacement nut. He introduces a new Sizing Sheet that makes measuring easy for anybody. Where to put the workbench in your shop? And where to put the vise on that bench? Dan Erlewine's helps a friend with those questions in his new garage workshop. Is it a good idea when a repair shop recommends that a customer try some do-it-yourself wiring?

Erick Coleman's customer rewired a Les Paul, but ran into trouble. Now Erick's re-rewiring After gluing a broken peghead, Dan Erlewine still a finish repair to do. In this Trade Secret, he shows you how to save time by using amber super glue and his favorite razor blade trick.

Dan Erlewine shows how to put a round peg in a square hole, literally. Check out this handy drilling idea, and you'll probably find lots of uses for it in your shop. Erick Coleman got a text message on his cell: his customer's archtop bridge broke the night before a recording session. Can he replace it overnight? Here's how he carved a new one in a jiffy! Dan Erlewine's doing some Telecaster body work for Bill Kirchen.

Erick Coleman uses his wife's clothes iron on a guitar: a simple solution to a problem fretboard. Cleaning the electronics gets it playing again. Erick Coleman shows tricks you can do with those four colored wires coming from your humbucker pickups. Dan Erlewine has a Martin D with a loose brace inside, and it rattles. He shows how to make your own brace-fixing gizmos for a clean repair. Erick Coleman's got a Fender bass with a purple metallic finish. He wants to spray an s-style sunburst, but first he's got to get that hard plastic coating off of there Dan Erlewine's fixing nasty-sounding control pots on a great-looking Supro lap steel from Erick Coleman's Melody Maker is getting too old and pricey for knockaround club gigs.

With some simple mods to an affordable new Gibson, he's made himself a good backup guitar. How does Dan Erlewine manage a repair inside a big string bass, without opening up the body? We suspect he does it with mirrors Dan Erlewine's got a Martin with a potbelly: string tension has pulled the top into a hump on this To make things tougher, the guitar top's encased in a thick layer of epoxy finish! It's an interesting puzzle Erick Coleman finds that a s Hondo is really well built, but the parts weren't road-ready.

A couple of fixes, and this guitar's ready to tour the world! Dan Erlewine needs to fix the inside of a classical guitar, but can't fit his arm through the soundhole. Thinking outside the box, he finds the solution to this puzzle!

Erick Coleman tells why his answer is yes. And he hands over the repair tools to Christine, who works in StewMac's office.

Dan Erlewine shows the easy way to install side dots in guitar neck binding. And he has some tips for using plywood scraps around your shop, too! Dan Erlewine's been posting photos on Facebook, creating this photo story on how to convert a fretted bass to fretless.

It's a Trade Secrets story and it's on Facebook too! Erick Coleman can't find tuners to fit a Martin mandolin -- so he modifies string tuners to do the job! Erick Coleman fixes a slipped neck joint on a beautiful Gibson ES, showing what can happen to glue joints that get too hot. Dan Erlewine started a simple, quick repair, but one unlucky hammer tap created a whole new problem to solve!

Dan Erlewine wants to install two very different pickups in a jazz guitar. When there's no place to fit active system's battery he comes up with a simple, flexible solution. In our Money Talk series about operating a repair business, Dan Erlewine tallies up the time and expenses of a profitable pickup installation job. Erick Coleman pulls his old Strat out of mothballs and gives it a new neck. He shows what's needed to get a replacement neck ready to play.

Erick Coleman's restoring a s Les Paul, and returning the bound fretboard to its original condition. With small files and elbow grease, he shows how to create the fret-end "binding nibs" for that distinctive Gibson look. Dan Erlewine has to leave a guitar body with the back off for months.

How to keep the sides from going out of shape during this time? Believe it or not, the answer is blue foam insulation from the home improvement store. Dan Erlewine's making a forgery of an old Gibson label, using his brother as an accomplice he's got a good excuse.

While he's at it, he shows how you can make new custom labels for your own guitars. If you sometimes think of making a custom electric guitar, Erick Coleman has tips to make one part of the process a lot easier.

Here's how to rout the neck pocket and control cavities so they look as good as a factory build. Dan Erlewine modifies wooden clothespins for a bunch of jobs around the shop -- today it's gluing kerfing into an old Gibson. While he's at it, he plays Santa Claus and offers a make-it-yourself holiday gift idea. Erick Coleman gets an urgent call on a Friday night: the Heavy Metal band Skeletonwitch needs some custom pickup work in time to head to Ozzfest in 24 hours!

Erick Coleman has a simple tip that saved a lot of time at the recent Purdue Guitar Workshop: rubber binding bands make great clamps! They're for lots of things -- check out the examples in this issue. Erick Coleman fixes a chip on a Gibson TV Model, which means figuring out how to recreate that unique see-through yellow finish. Dan Erlewine's got a puzzle on his hands: this guitar's center strip fell out along with the braces.

How do you reach inside to do this on a completed guitar? Years of hot dry storage caused the fret ends stick out on the sides of this banjo neck. Mark Hyatt found that it's easy to file them back into line! Dan Erlewine is missing one last part needed on a archtop Gibson. It's a long gone, irreplaceable pickguard support that he recreates from found material in his shop. A useful tip for fabricating modern plastic parts, too! Erick Coleman's buddy wanted a guitar just like the one he saw on Soul Train in the s.

Curing his Boogie Fever required a neck transplant, but Fender's Micro-Tilt neck adjustment makes that tricky. Here's how to do it. Dan Erlewine shares a tip for putting a rounded shape on bone saddles: use the notch in one of those utility knife blades in your toolbox! Erick Coleman just went guitar-shopping and picked up a used Gretsch Corvette from This Trade Secrets is about tweaking your pawn shop prize.

Working on an aged Les Paul, Erick Coleman has to sand part of the yellowed binding. The sanded spots are a glaring white mismatch. Erick makes turns the repair invisible with a little ColorTone spray and stain. Somebody's wrung this guitar's neck with years of string bending -- the wood is gone from the edge of the fingerboard. The customer doesn't want a new neck, so Dan Erlewine improvises a great solution. Dan Erlewine's got a wobbly neck, but not for long: here's a fast way to tighten the screwholes in a bolt-on neck.

Erick Coleman shares some tips for modifying your guitar wiring: easy mods that give you a new tonal range. Dan Erlewine got a blast from the past in his shop recently, and before the dust settled he got another one! He's working on two Gibson L-1 archtops from , and they both have the same trouble: too-tall bridges and too-high action. Dan Erlewine finishes up a last-minute present for his granddaughter: a tiny-size Gibson J With her birthday just around the corner, he needs a good finish and he needs it fast!

Customers often ask how and why they should put slots in the saddles of their new Tune-o-matic bridge. Erick Coleman provides the answers in this issue of Trade Secrets. Dan Erlewine shows how to sharpen, hone and strop an edge onto any chisel, creating a super-sharp cutter. Dan Erlewine finds an old bridge to fit a s Gibson, but will the saddle slot be in the right place? He measures and calculates, but still wants to prove it's in tune before gluing. Here's how he did that. This bass from the early '70s is in great shape except for a gaptoothed peghead inlay.

Erick Coleman shows how to quickly replace a missing inlay, including coloring the new work to match the old. Dan Erlewine looks at specialty papers for lutherie, and comes up with a handful of tips for tricky sanding.

Dan Erlewine's working on great old Gibson L-1 with back problems. The challenge: how to fix this on a budget today, in a way that won't interfere with more thorough repair work in the future. Erick Coleman shows how he made a surrogate body for neck and fret work, following the free plans online at stewmac. Dan Erlewine shows how he makes a new finish repair on a Strat look as old as the original finish all around it. Guitar maker Todd Sams directs the production of our StewMac guitar necks, and he uses the necks in his own custom Sams guitars.

Todd shows how to spend twenty minutes final-shaping a neck to get it to look and feel exactly right. Erick Coleman has been rooting around in the parts drawers at Dan Erlewine's shop, and he's found a s Gibson patent-sticker humbucker. It would be valuable if somebody hadn't cut off the pickup lead. Erick shows how to fix that.

At least he has some alternatives for the rest of us. Dan Erlewine's cutting a curvy script letter "L" out of pearl. It's a spidery-thin shape, so he uses some tricks to cut it cleanly without breaking. He also talks about his favorite headgear Rock's a dirty business, but somebody's got to do it: Dan Erlewine cleans up a Les Paul that hasn't had a bath in four years -- and gigs! Erick Coleman's got a busted-up pickguard, and off-the-shelf replacements don't fit.

He shows how to make and use a custom-shape template for a new guard. Dan Erlewine's trying to pop the back off a pre-War Gibson, while keeping the binding intact. He hopes to put it back on the guitar just like snapping a lid back onto Tupperware. Well, maybe not quite that easily Erick Coleman's got a guitar with one dead pickup and a volume control that spins around when you turn the knob.

That's trouble. And it's inside a semi-hollowbody guitar -- that's double trouble! Dan helps the local music store with a customer complaint about a Gibson Tune-O-Matic bridge setup. Who's to blame here? While Dan Erlewine gives a relic finish to new tuners on a Gibson J, he talks about making money with a guitar repair business. Erick Coleman's got a neck to fix, including a broken peghead.

One thing leads to another, and it turns out the toughest job is hiding the fretboard chips left by the last repairman to work on this guitar. Dan and Leon Rhodes need a retainer spring for a vintage Gibson bridge. Visiting repair shops in Nashville, they find out how to make their own. The multimeter tells Erick Coleman that this pickup is dead, but nobody told the pickup: it's still playing!

Dan Erlewine's in his guitar shop or is it a toy shop today? He shows how to make a custom pickguard in any color variation you like. Erick Coleman responds to a tech call emergency: "This guitar sounds bad, and I'm supposed to record with it tomorrow night! Dan Erlewine shows a before and after of a Gibson that's barely survived a house fire.

It needs a new nut, and he's using the Nut Slotting Gauge to get it right the first time. Erick Coleman's neighbor has put a chip in his big brother's guitar. It needs to be repaired invisibly, and fast!

Touch-up markers do the trick. Hardshell cases are sold for a few of the most common guitar sizes, but what if your guitar is a different shape? Todd Sams shows an easy way to make a great custom case. Erick Coleman's using the Gripper truss rod wrench to solve a problem that's familiar to all of us. Dan Erlewine's cooking with baking soda and ColorTone stains -- fixing a hole in his granddaughter's birthday present. Erick Coleman helps a serviceman put together a complete carry-all kit for service in Iraq with the Air Force Band.

Dan Erlewine's got a repair that needs repairing again. Working inside the guitar body is too tight for comfort, but Dan shows some tools and tips that make it easier. Erick Coleman's used pickup sounds great, but a broken baseplate makes it useless unless this bobbin transplant works. Dan Erlewine faces facts: too many tools and not enough workspace.

He clears the decks and sets up a whole new floorplan using two ShopStands. When a pedestal buffer can't accommodate the shape of Junior Brown's famous Guit-Steels, Michael Stevens finds that a simple foam buffer does a great job! Erick Coleman finds a new use for StewMac's BridgeSaver: quickly repairing a hole in the side of a guitar.

Dan Erlewine's customer got a deal on eBay. Whether it was a good or a bad deal depends on how much it takes to make it playable. Dan fixes fret buzz and a warped neck, then rebuilds the truss rod nut using JB Weld repair epoxy. Erick Coleman clears up the confusion about acoustic pickups: separating them into different types and helping you figure out what's what. Dan Erlewine shows the steps of inspecting a customer's guitar, and gives advice on repair prices for the work required.

Erick Coleman answers a frequent question from customers: Which tools to use for routing channels for instrument bindings? Erick answers a customer question about reversing a humbucker's pickups, and finds that the hardest part is getting the cover off the pickup!

Someone shaved down the saddle on this great old Martin until there's barely a nub showing above the bridge. It needs to be removed, but it's glued in and so low you can't grab it. Dan Erlewine shows how to solve this problem. Dan Erlewine's doing a neck reset on a Martin that has a square-tube truss rod. While he has the neck off, he shows how to improve the truss rod before regluing the neck. Dan Erlewine's got a neat trick for a mandolin repair, and he makes his pitch to get us all to join the hide glue club!

Why you might need a new nut: Cracked nut. Poor string spacing. Hollow plastic nut sapping tone. Nut slots are too low, causing fret buzz on open strings.

If you're nervous about replacing the string nut you've got company, and this week Erick Coleman shows that making a nut is no big deal. This week, Dan Erlewine's pumping iron nickel steel, actually! He's showing how to bulk up your skinny fretwire and slim down your fat fretwire. You don't have to have a locking system to have a tremolo stay in tune.

Erick Coleman shows tips for keeping your tremolo tuneful. Dan's been using repair magnets in his shop for a dozen years, and they're doing tricks all over his shop. Dan Erlewine's upgrading an inexpensive guitar with replacement pickups. The job's got to be done quickly at a low price, so he demonstrates some time-saving tips. Dan Erlewine does some emergency surgery on an undersaddle transducer in time for it to make it on stage with Emmylou Harris.

Erick Coleman responds to a question in the online lutherie forums: What's involved in replacing Martin factory tuners with a new set of Waverly machines? Dan Erlewine raises a simple question that comes up often in any repair shop. Is there a best spot for your strap button? Todd Sams shows how he sets up a banjo 5th string using railroad spikes, a block of wood, and a camless clamp. Todd Sams gives a simple and clear explanation of how to position dreadnought braces for the sound and volume of an earlys Martin.

Dan Erlewine shows why he uses scraper blades instead of sandpaper for the final smoothing before the finish goes on a guitar. Don MacRostie shows us his methods for fingerboard binding and fretting on a Red Diamond vintage model mandolin. Erick Coleman's finished tweaking a budget-priced Homemade Wood Sanding Machine 12 Les Paul copy.

It plays great, but one last thing's needed: making it look more like Jimmy Page's s original. Erick Coleman shows why black fingerboard stain is a standard item in any guitarmaker's shop, including the big name builders.

Erick Coleman talks about why each guitar he works on gets six custom-fit bridge pins. It's all about hardware coupling, energy transfer, and tone. This week, Dan Erlewine asks Todd Sams to show how a go-bar deck in his home shop turned two hours of work into twenty minutes! Erick Coleman shows why so many guitars need their frets fastened.

Add a touch of water-thin superglue to lock down your already-installed frets, and get better tone, too! Customers ask, "What material makes the best string nut? A fret hammer was one of the first lutherie tools Erick Coleman ever bought, and it's still an essential in his shop. In this issue of Trade Secrets, he shows how to use it. As Dan Erlewine was packing a customer's Les Paul for shipment, he noticed that somebody in his shop had scratched the top!

Time for some fast finish fixing -- here's how he made the scratch go away. Doug Unger restores and reproduces exquisite turn-of-the-century 5-string banjos and early archtop mandolins. Doug shares a lesson in pearl engraving with Trade Secrets readers. Dan Erlewine's got an unusual guitar: a National with a Gibson body.

The old pickguard came off in an earlier Trade Secrets, and now the new one goes on: it's an oddball pearloid guard that's worth checking out! Erick Coleman needed a pickup like a good old Gibson P, but sized to fit a 3-string cigar box guitar!

Here's how he built it, and how you can build yourself a custom pickup for any instrument. A badly broken neck on this Martin D almost goes unnoticed, and the repair leads to an innovative do-it-yourself jig. Dan Erlewine explains how he chose the gluing method for this repair. I took another swing at it I almost struck out! Erick Coleman shows the steps involved in replacing a Fender-style neck, with tips for tuner installation, truss rod adjustment, and correctly positioning the neck.

Dan Erlewine uses photo examples to show when to choose thin, medium or thick super glue for instrument work. This week, Dan Erlewine's got two pickguard removals in his shop. The Martin D's pickguard has cracked it's top, and Dan shows how a pickguard's supposed to come off.

The "Gibsonational" is another story: this pickguard is nothing but trouble! Erick Coleman uses Kevin Ryan's proportional string spacing rule for more jobs than Kevin ever expected: strings, mandolins, bridge saddles Plus: an explanation of the difference between equal spacing and proportional spacing.

When installing new tuners leaves old screwholes showing on the back of your peghead, here a step method for making them disappear. Dan shows us a Martin D with a nasty looking broken bridge, and explains his technique for making a replacement that looks vintage but is stronger than the original.

This week, Erick Coleman steps into the ring for Round Two in the Battle for Better Tone: his secret weapons area lightweight Tune-o-matic bridge and tailpiece. Dan Erlewine's getting fancy with his Sanding Station: with his shop-made jig, he's making better bridges than he ever has before. Washington made him minister to Portugal and then to Prussia.

He served in the Massachusetts legislature and was elected a U. He resigned from the Senate in to teach rhetoric at Harvard. He was minister to Russia under Madison, then minister to England and secretary of state under Monroe. In the first election, where election was a personal contest, Andrew Jackson won the most popular and electoral votes of the four candidates in the race, but the House of Representatives chose Adams.

However, he was elected to Congress and served nine consecutive terms before dying Feb. Born: Dec. Born in Kinderhook, NY, on December 5, , he was a state senator, attorney general and lawyer in Albany for many years. He won the presidency in Inclined more and more to oppose the expansion of slavery, Van Buren blocked the annexation of Texas because it assuredly would add to slave territory--and it might bring war with Mexico.

He remained opposed to the extension of slavery and died during the Civil War before the issue was finally settled. He died July 24, , in Kinderhook. He was Andrew Jackson. He was captured in the Revolutionary War.

He was the first man elected from Tennessee to the House of Representatives and he served briefly in the U. He was also governor of Tennessee, a Supreme Court judge in Tennessee, and the first territorial governor of Florida.

When John Calhoun, his vice-president, advocated refusal by South Carolina to pay tariff duties and talked secession, Jackson defied his partisan friends and declared he would enforce the law with the army if necessary.

Calhoun resigned and was sent to the Senate where he fought for secession. Born: April 28, Birthplace: Westmoreland Co. Born in , Madison was brought up in Orange Co. He helped write the Bill of Rights. Madison was elected president in and was re-elected in The conflict was to become known as The War of During this administration Madison had seen Louisiana and Indiana become states. Thomas Jefferson was best known as author of the Declaration of Independence, but he had a long, successful career as a statesman and politician.

He was a lawyer, governor, minister to France, secretary of state, vice-president and president. Born in in Albemarle Co. Jefferson was an eloquent correspondent but historians note that he was no public speaker. He was a brilliant young year-old lawyer when he was chosen by the first Continental Congress to draft the Declaration of Independence. After four years, the Republican Party won overwhelmingly but the Electoral College found Aaron Burr tied with Jefferson for president.

The U. House of Representatives chose Jefferson and then added the 12th Amendment to the Constitution which required the Electoral College to vote separately for president and vice-president. He encouraged the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Pacific Northwest; started the first national highway; established the Military Academy at West Point; saw the slave trade outlawed; and kept the United States out of the Napoleonic Wars. General William Henry Harrison, the hero of frontier days from the Ohio River to the Great Lakes, came to the White House as the oldest man ever elected president up to that time.

He died a month after his inauguration. Born on Feb. This brave man had been a tough Indian fighter, defeating a savage band of land hungry Shawnees at Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana in Harrison was actually a Virginia-born aristocrat. The Whig party selected Harrison as its presidential candidate in after a contest with Henry Clay of Kentucky.

His election was close in most states, but Harrison won all but a handful of them. After his election, Harrison chose Daniel Webster for secretary of state and prepared to restore the United States Bank, according to the Whig platform.

Harrison caught pneumonia during inaugural ceremonies which included his minute inaugural address, the longest presidential inaugural address, and died April 4, Dave Doan, Owner W. Commerce St. Southard John Tyler was the first vice-president to be elevated to the office of president by the death of his predecessor. He had opposed President Jackson, and as a senator had helped draft the resolution censuring that president for his handling of the United States Bank funds.

Tyler had served frequently in the legislature, been Governor of Virginia, chancellor of William and Mary College, a representative and a senator. Clay tried to keep power in his hands and authored a bill to establish a National Bank with branches in several states. Born: Nov. The Democratic Convention of required that its presidential candidate get two-thirds of the delegate vote.

Former president Martin Van Buren expected and almost won the party support. When he could not get the necessary votes, the convention swung to Polk, who had been a Tennessee legislator, congressman and governor.

Polk was a graduate of the University of North Carolina. Soon after taking office, Polk sent troops to the Texas-Mexican border, which was in dispute and clashes there led to war. He declared war on Mexico in and the U. A few months later, the Oregon boundary was agreed to and the march to the Pacific was complete. It was not long before gold was discovered in California and the migration west really started.

He died June 15, , in Nashville, TN, just three months after he retired as president. Like Harrison, the only other Whig to hold office, Taylor was a soldier. He was also a farmer. Born in Orange Co.

A Revolutionary patriot, Taylor fought the Indians first along the Wabash and then in the northwest and in Florida. Taylor tried to run his administration in the same rule-of-thumb fashion that he had fought Indians. He wanted people to determine their own destinies. After 16 months in office, Taylor fell ill after participating in ceremonies at the Washington Monument and within five days he was dead. He was buried near Louisville, KY. Born: Jan.

He was born on a farm in Cayuga Co. Many details of his career were lost to history when all his private papers were burned by his son. Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of the nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, presented five bills to the Senate: 1 admit California as a free state; 2 settle the Texas boundary and compensate her; 3 grant territorial status to New Mexico; 4 place federal officers at the disposal of slave-holders seeking fugitives; and 5 abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia.

Fillmore signed them all into law. Born: April, 23, Birthplace: Franklin Co. He was born Nov. When the Mexican War broke out, Pierce enlisted as a private and did such a good job he came out a brigadier general. Pierce was a compromise candidate in the Democratic convention, which nominated him on the 35th ballot. Two months before he took office, his 11 year-old son was killed in a train wreck and Pierce entered the presidency nervously exhausted.

Pierce approved Stephen A. Senate and House and had been minister to Russia and England and secretary of state under President Polk. Buchanan presided over a nation that was being split apart by the slavery question. Buchanan sought compromise, but to no avail. When Republicans won a plurality in the House in , every significant bill they passed fell before southern votes in the Senate or a presidential veto.

President Buchanan said Southern states did not have the right to secede, but also said the federal government could not legally prevent them from doing it. In the end, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia and the rest of the states that were to make up the Confederacy voted to withdraw from the Union. Lincoln was elected president with only 40 percent of the popular votes but an electoral majority.

His first duties were to prepare for war. He called for volunteers on April 15, , and on July 21, Bull Run was fought. He saw victory and defeat as the North and South struggled in a great Civil War. Through it all, he stood firm on the need for the people to be united as one nation.

Lincoln issued his famous Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. It declared that slaves in the confederacy were forever free. Born Dec.

Johnson was selected as candidate for vice-president at the convention of the Union Party which was a coalition of Republican and War Democrats. General Stanton demanded military districts and control throughout the South.

Johnson was having no part of this plan and removed Stanton and replaced him with Ulysses Grant. Congress denied the right of the president to remove a cabinet member and the impeachment of Johnson followed. The Senate voted 35 to 19 against him, one short of the two-thirds vote needed to convict.

He still had a lot of power with Tennesseeans and they elected him to the Senate in He died a few months later of paralysis and was buried at Greenville, TN. Grant graduated from West Point in and was sent to the Mexican border, where he distinguished himself and was twice promoted for bravery at Molino del Rey and at Chapultepec. He was stationed in Oregon and California for a time before resigning from the army. Collins and the elder Grant parted company in as friends.

They persuaded Ulysses to move there, which he and his family did in He served as a collection agent, bought and sold stock, weighed hides and made out bills for the goods. The governor of Illinois appointed him to command an unruly volunteer regiment when the Civil War broke out. He easily got his regiment in fighting shape and in no time had obtained the rank of brigadier general of volunteers.

In , he took Vicksburg and Chattanooga, received the thanks of Congress and promotion to lieutenant general and commander of the northern forces. James A. Garfield worked for his education and got it bit by bit while serving as a teacher and a lawyer.

He was a Republican leader in the House when the Republican convention came around. He favored John Sherman for president against former president, U.

Grant and James G. Garfield was the compromise candidate and at first, he refused because of his support for Sherman. Garfield was on his way to his beloved alma mater, Williams College in Massachusetts, with only one policeman as a body guard when Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker, shot the president in the waiting room of the Washington train station.

He did not die immediately but was ill for more than two months while doctors tried to locate the bullet in his body. Their futile probing created blood poisoning from which President Garfield finally died. He died September 19, , at Elberon, NJ, where he had been sent to recover. Garfield after only six months in office. He was educated at Union College. He taught school at Pownall, Vermont, and studied law in New York. As a lawyer, Arthur was responsible for a ruling in that said blacks were to be treated the same as whites on street cars.

Early in the Civil War, he helped organize the New York state militia and was made inspector general and quartermaster general. Six months later, he became president. The first Chinese Exclusion Act and the Anti-Polygamy Bill were passed during his term in office, as were new protective tariffs.

His secretary of the treasury, Charles J. Folger, was beaten for governor of New York by Grover Cleveland. Rutherford B. Before becoming president, Hayes had been city solicitor of Cincinnati, a general in the Union Army, a congressman and governor of Ohio.

The election found Samuel J. Tilden, the Democratic candidate, with electoral votes and Hayes, the Republican candidate with votes. The House of Representatives could not reach a decision and a law was passed creating a commission of five representatives, five senators and five Supreme Court judges to settle the contest. This group included eight Republicans and seven Democrats and they decided every contest for Hayes by a vote of eight to seven, and he won by the margin of one electoral vote.

Serious railroad strikes in disturbed the nation and the first silver bill was passed. Silver dollars were created while Hayes was president. Hayes had announced in advance that he would serve only one term, and retired to Spiegel Grove, his home in Fremont, Ohio, in He died of heart disease and was buried in Fremont. Cleveland was admitted to the bar in Buffalo, NY and became assistant district attorney in and sheriff in He was elected New York governor in , just two years before winning the presidency.

In his first term, he vetoed many bills, especially pension acts and improved the civil service while his partisans clamored for the spoils of office. In , Cleveland did not want the presidential nomination and the Tammany organization and New York opposed him, but he was nominated and elected by popular demand to a second term.

Cleveland faced acute depression when he returned to office. Then he sold bonds to maintain the gold standard.

Cleveland died of debility and old age and is buried at Princeton. Harrison was a graduate of Miami University and had been a general in the Union Army. He practiced law in Indianapolis and became a colonel of the 70th Volunteer Indiana Infantry at the start of the Civil War.

He was defeated in his efforts to gain the governorship of his state, but the voters did elect him to a term in the U. Grover Cleveland, his Democrat opponent, won the popular vote count but not the electoral vote. The Sherman Silver Bill was repealed when Cleveland regained the office in McKinley enlisted in the Civil War and rose to the rank of major. At the end of the war, he opened a law office in Canton, OH. He served 15 years in the U.

House of Representatives and was twice governor of his home state. But he was to have troubles in other quarters. Flamed by newspaper accounts of the treatment of these revolutionists, and being unable to restrain Congress or the American people, McKinley delivered his message of neutral intervention in April The president had been in office not quite six months when he was shot twice by an anarchist named Czolgosz while attending the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, NY.

He died eight days later and was buried in Canton after lying in state in Washington. He took over the White House when he was only Volunteer Calvary Rough Riders as a lieutenant colonel. President Roosevelt, who was an active hunter, horseman and tennis player, also did much for conservation. He was easily re-elected in The former president supported the First World War in an unofficial way and died of inflammatory rheumatism at his home in Oyster Bay.

He was buried there. Born: Sept. He never wanted to be president, but when President Theodore Roosevelt decided that his conscientious secretary of war was to be his successor, he could not argue with his commander-in-chief.

Taft graduated from Yale and the Cincinnati Law School. He became law reporter for Cincinnati newspapers and was an assistant prosecuting attorney and assistant county solicitor. He was a Superior court judge, a federal judge, U. Early in his administration, Taft called a special session of Congress to revise the tariff downward.

Taft rarely exercised his lb. In , the Republicans renominated Taft and Teddy Roosevelt bolted from the party to lead the Progressives. With Republicans split, Democrat Woodrow Wilson was easily elected president.

Taft became professor of constitutional law at Yale and was chief justice of the United States from He died of arteriosclerosis at Washington, D. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He was educated at Princeton. Wilson received a doctorate from Johns Hopkins in and was president of Princeton University for to Wilson was considered a conservative young political science professor and university president who could be elected president of the United States.

First, he was persuaded to run for governor of New Jersey, and after he won, his administrations was marked with important reforms. President Wilson is best remembered for his declaration of war, which put the United States into the First World War, and for his futile fight to get this country to accept and participate in the League of Nations after the war. German attacks on U.

Wilson was to begin his greatest fight-to get the United States to join the League of Nations. Congress refused to ratify the Versailles Treaty. Wilson went on a speaking tour to seek support for the treaty. He was stricken with paralysis and came back to the White House as an invalid.

Mound Avenue, Belmont, WI. Coolidge graduated from Amherst and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in Northhampton, where he was later to be mayor. He served as a state senator and president of the State Senate, lieutenant governor, and governor for that state. Coolidge was an isolationist who pushed for a policy of rigid economy in government operations and reduction in taxes.

However, toward the close of his term, he got approval of funds for Mississippi River flood control and construction of the Boulder Canyon Dam on the Colorado River.

President Coolidge firmly declined to be nominated by his party for a second elective term in By the time the Great Depression hit the country, Coolidge was in retirement. He died Jan. Contact Tristan Hirsch, Account Executive at or tristan.

Warren G. Harding was a compromise candidate who was elected president by the largest majority ever at that time. His supporters thought he was a supporter of the League of Nations, but the new president believed his election was a mandate to stay out of the League.

Harding attended Ohio Central College and worked on the Star newspaper in Marion, Ohio, before buying it and becoming publisher. He also served as state senator, lieutenant governor, and U.

Harding was a Republican through and through, and it was easy for his supporters in Congress to get their bills signed into law. They eliminated wartime controls and slashed taxes, established a federal budget system, restored high protective tariffs and imposed tight limitations on immigration.

The president made a trip to the Territory of Alaska during the summer of , making numerous speeches along the way as he became the first United States president to set foot on Canadian soil. Upon his return to this country, he became ill in San Francisco. He died there while scandal was brewing in his administration. A special train brought his body back to Washington, where he would lie in state.

Thousands of silent citizens watched the special train pass their towns. He entered public life in as a member of the New York Senate. Over the years, he became assistant secretary of the navy under Woodrow Wilson and was the Democratic nominee for vice-president in with James M. Cox of Ohio. On May 11, , he created the Rural Electrification Act. He was governor of New York for two terms before being elected president by the largest vote, popular and electoral, ever recorded in a presidential election.

He was to win re-election by an even larger majority. He was the first president to be re-elected to a third term in He was re-elected to an unprecedented fourth term in , with Harry S. Truman as his vice-president.

But Roosevelt was never to see peace restored. He died while visiting at Warm Springs, GA. His body was brought back to Washington, and buried in Hyde Park. Truman, an almost unknown senator and vice-president, who suddenly became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died after serving only 80 days of his 4th term.

He was forced to make some of the most crucial decisions in the history of the United States. After an urgent plea to Japan to surrender after victory in Europe, Truman ordered atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Five days later, Japan surrendered Truman won election to a full four-year term in , despite predictions by many that Republican Thomas E.

Dewey would sweep the nation. The Truman Doctrine came into being in , when Russia-backed guerrillas tried to take over Greece, and the president had Congress send aid to that country. Johnson John Fitzgerald Kennedy was one of the youngest men ever to be elected president, and he was the youngest to die in that office after serving just a little more than 1, days. He enlisted in the U. Kennedy was cited for bravery when his boat was rammed and sunk.

Kennedy came back from the war to go into politics and become a U. In , while recuperating from a back operation, he wrote Profiles in Courage, which won the Pulitzer Prize in history.

In , Kennedy almost won the Democratic nomination for vice president. Four years later, he was a first-ballot nominee for president. He was elected after a highly publicized television debate with the Republican nominee, Richard M. During his first months in office, the first of two Cuban crises occurred. The President ordered a blockade of the island and demanded that Russia remove its missiles and reduce military forces there.

Born: Aug. His first job in Washington did not come through the election process, but rather through political connections. He was secretary to Rep. Kleberg from to Johnson sought the Democratic presidential nomination, but lost to Kennedy, who chose him as his running mate. Johnson won the presidency in his own right in with 61 percent of the vote and the widest popular margin in American history — more than 15,, votes.

He immediately started pushing his Great Society programs that included aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, and a fight against poverty. When his efforts to end the war failed, he did not seek re-election. He did not live to see peace in Vietnam. He died of a heart attack at his Texas ranch where he was buried after lying in state in Washington, D.

General Dwight D. He retired from active military service on May 31, , and resigned from the army on July 18, before winning a sweeping victory over Adlai E. He won by a greater margin over Stevenson in Eisenhower was called to Washington five days after Pearl Harbor to assume staff duties and became supreme commander of Allied Forces on June 25, He was responsible for planning and carrying out the gigantic Normandy invasion.

President Eisenhower died March 28, , in Washington of congestive heart failure at the age of He was buried at Abilene, KS. Providing care for patients of all ages! Come see us for all your chiropractic healthcare needs! Agnew, Gerald R. Nixon had been in the public eye for almost 30 years.

House of Representatives from California in He gained some national attention when, as a member of the House UnAmerican Activities Committee, he forced a showdown resulting in the Alger Hiss perjury conviction. He was elected to the Senate in and was vice president in and He was the Republican nominee for president in and lost to John F. Kennedy by the closest popular vote margin. Nixon was defeated for the California governorship in , but through his diligent work for the Republican cause, was able to gain the nomination and presidency in by beating Senator Hubert Humphrey.

He completed withdrawal of U. Revelation of taped conversations led the House of Representatives to vote for impeachment indictments against President Nixon. Before the Senate could begin impeachment proceedings, Nixon resigned and Gerald Ford pardoned him after becoming president. Jefferson St. In , Hoover directed food relief for victims of the Boxer Rebellion while chief engineer of the imperial mines in China.

Hoover was in England when the First World War broke out, and it was mainly through his efforts that aid was given to war-devastated Belgium. Recognized as a world leader, Hoover easily defeated Governor Alfred E. Smith of New York, the Democratic choice, in an election that saw the largest total vote up to that time. He was not to remain popular long because in the financial fall of , when the spiralling stock market suddenly faltered, the United States found itself in the Great Depression.

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt was to sweep into office as voters looked for a new president to lead them out of the Depression. Richard Nixon tapped Ford, House minority leader, to be his vice president after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew, who was under fire for tax evasion. Ford, a graduate of the Yale Law School, joined the Navy in and served for four years during World War II, coming out in as a lieutenant commander.

He spent 25 years in the House, eight of those years as Republican leader. President Nixon picked Ford as his vice president in and he was sworn into office on December 6, , after the Senate and House approved his nomination under the provision of a recently passed constitutional amendment.

Ford became president on August 9, , when President Nixon resigned in the face of mounting political pressure resulting from the Watergate investigation. James Earl Carter, Jr. Carter, who always dreamed of becoming a sailor, graduated from the Naval Academy in The same year, he married Rosalynn Smith and embarked on seven years of service in the Navy.

The Supreme Court decision to desegregate the schools and the resulting backlash pushed Carter, a father of four, to run for the county school board. He won a school board seat and later was elected a state senator. Although Carter lost his bid for governor in , he was elected in In , Carter became president of the United States, with Walter Mondale serving as his vice president.

Carter forged important international bonds. In the Camp David Accord of , he helped Israel and Egypt look past ancient disputes to form peaceful ties. America began a new relationship with Panama by turning the U. Canal in that country over to Panamanian control. He attended high school in Dixon and went on to Eureka College, where he studied economics and sociology. After graduating from Eureka, Reagan worked as a radio sports announcer until he landed a Hollywood acting contract in Reagan took a strong stance against Communism in his position as president of the Screen Actors Guild.

As a television host, he began touring the country and became a spokesman for American conservatism. In , he was elected governor of California and was re-elected in When Reagan decided to run for the Republican presidential nomination in , he chose George Bush as his running mate. Reagan won the election in a landslide victory over Jimmy Carter. During his two terms, Reagan pushed through a Democratic Congress his program for stimulating economic growth, cutting taxes, curbing government expenditures and increasing defense spending.

Reagan left office in as a popular president, but marred by the budget deficits and savings-and-loan industry scandal that occurred during his administration. Danforth Quayle. He obtained his law degree from Yale University in Unsuccessful in a bid for a U. House seat in , he was elected attorney general of Arkansas in He was elected to the first of five terms as governor at the age of 32, succeeding Democrat David Pryor, who was elected to the U. Senate that year.

Clinton, named chairman of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council in , resigned that position in August when it became clear that he was running for president. Clinton won the presidency in , campaigning on the need for change to rescue the country from an economic recession.

George W. Bush was born July 6, and grew up in Midland and Houston, Texas. He began his career in the oil and gas business in Midland in and worked in the energy industry until He served as managing general partner of the Texas Rangers until he was elected governor on November 8, President Bush signed into law bold initiatives to improve public schools and signed tax relief. He increased pay and benefits for the military and worked to save Social Security and Medicare.

After graduating from Phillips Academy in Andover, Bush enlisted in the armed forces on his 18th birthday. Bush became a seaman second class and eventually was the youngest Navy pilot to receive wings. During World War II he flew 58 combat missions and received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his bravery after being shot down at sea. In , Bush married Barbara Pierce and began what would become a family of six. It was also in that Bush entered Yale University where he studied economics.

He served for eight years. In , he was elected president. Bush oversaw allied military success in the Persian Gulf War in and presided over the downfall of Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and negotiated deep arms cuts with Russian leader Boris Yeltsin. Obama was raised by his mother with help from his grandparents.

Barack moved to New York City to attend Columbia University, where he earned his undergraduate degree. He moved to Chicago after college and worked extensively in the inner city to improve living conditions and reduce the unemployment rate in high-crime neighborhoods. After receiving his degree from Harvard Law School, he returned to Chicago and practiced as a civil rights lawyer.

He also taught law at the University of Chicago. Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in , and then to the U. Senate in On January 20, , he took the oath of office and became the first black United States President.

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