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A tool of similar origin is the billhook. Most modern axes have steel heads and wooden handles, typically hickory in the US and ash in Europe and Asia, although plastic or fibreglass handles are also common. Modern axes are specialised by use, size and form. Hafted axes with short handles designed for use with one hand are often called hand axes but the term hand axe refers to axes without handles as well.

Hatchets tend to be small hafted axes often with a hammer on the back side the poll. As easy-to-make weapons, axes have frequently been used in combat. Hand axes , of stone , and used without handles hafts were the first axes. They had knapped chipped cutting edges of flint or other stone. Early examples of hand axes date back to 1. Hafted axes are first known from the Mesolithic period c. Few wooden hafts have been found from this period, but it seems that the axe was normally hafted by wedging.

Birch-tar and rawhide lashings were used to fix the blade. The distribution of stone axes is an important indication of prehistoric trade. In Europe, Neolithic "axe factories", where thousands of ground stone axes were roughed out, are known from many places, such as:. Stone axes are still produced and in use today in parts of Papua , Indonesia. These axes were flat and hafted much like their stone predecessors.

Axes continued to be made in this manner with the introduction of Bronze metallurgy. Eventually the hafting method changed and the flat axe developed into the "flanged axe", then palstaves , and later winged and socketed axes.

At least since the late Neolithic , elaborate axes battle-axes, T-axes, etc. Certain types almost never show traces of wear ; deposits of unshafted axe blades from the middle Neolithic such as at the Somerset Levels in Britain may have been gifts to the deities.

In Minoan Crete , the double axe labrys had a special significance, used by priestesses in religious ceremonies. In a labrys, complete with an elaborately embellished haft, was found at Cham-Eslen, Canton of Zug , Switzerland.

The haft was cm long and wrapped in ornamented birch-bark. The axe blade is The haft goes through a biconical drilled hole and is fastened by wedges of antler and by birch-tar. It belongs to the early Cortaillod culture. In folklore , stone axes were sometimes believed to be thunderbolts and were used to guard buildings against lightning , as it was believed mythically that lightning never struck the same place twice.

This has caused some skewing of axe distributions. Steel axes were important in superstition as well. A thrown axe could keep off a hailstorm , sometimes an axe was placed in the crops , with the cutting edge to the skies to protect the harvest against bad weather.

An upright axe buried under the sill of a house would keep off witches , while an axe under the bed would assure male offspring. Basques , Australians and New Zealanders [8] have developed variants of rural sports that perpetuate the traditions of log cutting with axe.

The Basque variants, splitting horizontally or vertically disposed logs, are generically called aizkolaritza from aizkora : axe. It is said to represent swift and balanced justice. Shango altars often contain Lathe Cutting Tools Youtube Us a carved figure of a woman holding a gift to the god with a double-bladed axe sticking up from her head.

The Arkalochori Axe is a bronze, Minoan, axe from the second millennium BC thought to be used for religious purposes. Inscriptions on this axe have been compared with other ancient writing systems. The axe head is typically bounded by the bit or blade at one end, and the poll or butt at the other, though some designs feature two bits opposite each other.

The top corner of the bit where the cutting edge begins is called the toe , and the bottom corner is known as the heel. Either side of the head is called the cheek , which is sometimes supplemented by lugs where the head meets the haft, and the hole where the haft is mounted is called the eye. The part of the bit that descends below the rest of the axe-head is called the beard , and a bearded axe is an antiquated axe head with an exaggerated beard that can sometimes extend the cutting edge twice the height of the rest of the head.

The axe haft is sometimes called the handle. Traditionally, it was made of a resilient hardwood like hickory or ash , but modern axes often have hafts made of durable synthetic materials. Antique axes and their modern reproductions, like the tomahawk , often had a simple, straight haft with a circular cross-section that wedged onto the axe-head without the aid of wedges or pins. Modern hafts are curved for better grip and to aid in the swinging motion, and are mounted securely to the head.

The shoulder is where the head mounts onto the haft, and this is either a long oval or rectangular cross-section of the haft that is secured to the axe head with small metal or wooden wedges. The belly of the haft is the longest part, where it bows in gently, and the throat is where it curves sharply down to the short grip , just before the end of the haft, which is known as the knob. Hammer axes or axe-hammers typically feature an extended poll, opposite the blade, shaped and sometimes hardened for use as a hammer.

The name axe-hammer is often applied to a characteristic shape of perforated stone axe used in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Iron axe-hammers are found in Roman military contexts, e. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Weapon or tool used for chopping, splitting, or shaping wood. This article is about the cutting tool. For other uses, see Axe disambiguation. For other uses, see AX.

This article includes a list of general references , but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. Hand axes from Swanscombe at the British Museum that belongs to Swanscombe Man who lived ,—, years ago.

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. There are just two weeks left to save 20 per cent on entry fees for Dezeen Awards Environmental design writer Katie Treggiden will head up the judging panel for the new Dezeen Awards sustainability categories.

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