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jet-plane-weight-control An aircraft flying at cruise altitude, and at its cruise speed, has a lot of energy to dissipate before reaching its destination airport and to land with an appropriate speed. Incorrect management of the speed in descent can result in excess-energy in final approach phase. This is shown to be a major cause of runway overrun events. Managing your descent, approach and landing: understand speeds. Maneuvering speeds. As for the previous flight phases, Green Dot, S and F speeds guide the flight crew during descent and approach phases. Green Dot (GD) speed. Weight Q is placed in the Centre of Gravity COG and depends on the loading of an aircraft. The centre of gravity of a body is defined as the point at which its total weight may be considered to act as a concentrated force. These two points: Centre of Lift and Ce ntre of Gravity do not usually cover.  Actual MTOW is calculated accordingly to operational conditions of the runway on the base of Airplane Flight Manual. • Design MTOW may be reduced by: a) runway characteristic: ⇒ length, ⇒ slope, ⇒ pavement, ⇒ elevation, ⇒ obstacles on the climb path. b) weather conditions: ⇒ temperature, ⇒ precipitation, ⇒ wind component. c) noise abatement rules. Maximum zero fuel weight (MZFW). • This is maximum design weight of loaded aircraft without fuel. •. How do planes fly? If you've ever watched a jet plane taking off or coming in to land, the first thing you'll have noticed is the noise of the engines. Jet engines, which are long metal tubes burning a continuous rush of fuel and air, are far noisier (and far more powerful) than traditional propeller engines. You might think engines are the key to making a plane fly, but you'd be wrong.  This creates a lift force, greater than the plane's weight, which powers the plane higher into the sky. Photo by Nathanael Callon courtesy of US Air Force.  There's a steering control in the cockpit, but that's the only thing a plane has in common with a car. How do you steer something that's flying through the air at high speed? Simple! You make the air flow in a different way past the wings on each side. Both lateral and longitudinal balance are important, but the prime concern is longitudinal balance; that is, the location of confrol CG along the longitudinal or lengthwise axis. V-Tails jet plane weight control very popular in Europe, especially for gliders. Usually, the planes only have only these two control channels total throttle and differential throttle with no elevator control. In ultralight aircraft conttrol motorized hang gliders, for example, there is no mechanism at all. Some advanced controllers can also navigate the drone using GPS.

Just as in a fighter jet, the pilot simply moves the stick in the direction in which he wants the aircraft to fly and the computers make sure the plane reacts precisely to these instructions.

The overall result is reduced workload, more precise control of the aircraft and improved safety. The Falcon 7X cabin is a high, wide and handsomely-proportioned executive suite- featuring three spacious lounge areas. Falcon tri-jets provide slower, safer approach and landing speeds. Their three-engine configuration gives peace of mind on long routes over water and uninhabited areas.

Advanced wing and fuselage shaping plus leading-edge slats and double slotted Fowler Jet Planes Miniature Control flaps deliver substantial benefits throughout the flight regime. They give it superb short-takeoff muscle, ocean-spanning stamina and a whisper-quiet ride.

The exclusive Digital Flight Control System DFCS gives pilots maximum performance when fast, instinctive reactions are needed, and automatically dampens turbulence for a smoother ride.

This allows the 7X to fly at higher Mach speeds at high altitude and with less fuel. The high-transonic design also gives the 7X the slowest, safest approach speeds of any jet of its size.

EASy II, its second generation, offers a host of new functionalities and features designed to further increase safety and situational awareness while taking advantage of next-generation technologies within the air traffic management system. In addition to optimizing airspace occupancy, this feature saves operators time and fuel by helping to reduce flight time with preferred, more direct routing. These rugged engines have logged more than 7 million hours.

So reliable, their time between overhauls is 7, hours typically 14 years of operation. So quiet and so clean, they exceed stringent noise regulations and emission standards. Transferred directly from our jet fighters, this technology gives more precise handling and reduces workload, thus improving safety.

Our DFCS also mitigates the effects of turbulence for a quieter, smoother ride. Pilots love the 7X intuitive responsiveness and precision. Passengers appreciate its silk-smooth ride and the contribution such an advanced technology makes to aircraft safety. Intuitive, ergonomic, precise — this is the way to fly.

This high, wide, handsomely proportioned executive suite features three spacious lounge areas, 28 large windows, and acoustics technology that limits noise for a restful, more productive travel experience.

Beyond the peaceful hush, abundant natural light and spectacular views, the 7X cabin offers a breakthrough environmental system. At an altitude of 41, ft, passengers enjoy a comfortable cabin pressure of 3, ft. Climate controls keep temperature constant, within one degree. Air is humidified and refreshed. This is a cabin that enhances your well-being throughout a long flight — as well as your readiness for the long, challenging day that lies ahead upon arrival.

Our advanced cabin management system provides a full complement of entertainment and connectivity tools in an exceptionally user-friendly format. Work, relax, manage cabin features, track flight progress and communicate — and do it all using your own portable devices from anywhere in the cabin.

Designed for lengthy missions, the 7X is your home away from home — especially when equipped with options such as a second lavatory or an on-board shower to ensure you arrive refreshed and at your best. Organized into three lounges, accommodating 12 to 16 passengers, the expansive interior of the Falcon 7X allows you to tailor your cabin to your exact needs.

To further personalize your travel environment, a selection of elegant interiors is also available. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Turn on more accessible mode. Turn off more accessible mode. Skip Ribbon Commands. Skip to main content. Turn off Animations. Turn on Animations. It looks like your browser does not have JavaScript enabled. Please turn on JavaScript and try again.

The benchmark for the 21st century business jet. No one had ever built such an advanced business jet. And no one has since. Pure elegance, efficiency and performance The figures From nose to tail, wingtip to wingtip, the Falcon 7X is pure elegance, efficiency, and performance. There are many types of radio-controlled aircraft. For beginning hobbyists, there are park flyers and trainers. For more experienced pilots there are glow plug engine, electric powered and sailplane aircraft.

For expert flyers, jets, pylon racers, helicopters , autogyros , 3D aircraft, and other high-end competition aircraft provide adequate challenge.

Some models are made to look and operate like a bird instead. Replicating historic and little known types and makes of full-size aircraft as "flying scale" models, which are also possible with control line and free flight types of model aircraft, actually reach their maximum realism and behavior when built for radio-control flying.

Perhaps the most realistic form of aeromodeling, in its main purpose to replicate full-scale aircraft designs from aviation history, for testing of future aviation designs, or even to realize never-built "proposed" aircraft, is that of radio-control scale aeromodeling, as the most practical way to re-create "vintage" full-scale aircraft designs for flight once more, from long ago.

Full-scale aircraft designs from every era of aviation, from the "Pioneer Era" and World War I 's start, through to the 21st century, have been modeled as radio-control scale model aircraft. Builders of RC Scale aircraft can enjoy the challenge of creating a controllable, miniature aircraft that merely "looks" like the full scale original in the air with no "fine details", such as a detailed cockpit, or seriously replicate many operable features of a selected full scale aircraft design, even down to having operable cable-connected flight control surfaces, illuminated navigation lighting on the aircraft's exterior, realistically retracting landing gear , etc.

Gliders are planes that do not typically have any type of propulsion. Unpowered glider flight must be sustained through exploitation of the natural lift produced from thermals or wind hitting a slope.

Dynamic soaring is another popular way of providing energy to gliders that is becoming more and more common. However, even conventional slope soaring gliders are capable of achieving speeds comparable with similar sized powered craft.

Gliders are typically partial to slow flying and have high aspect ratio , as well as very low wing loading weight to wing area ratio. Two and three-channel gliders which use only rudder control for steering and dihedral or polyhedral wing shape to automatically counteract rolling are popular as training craft, due to their ability to fly very slowly and high tolerance to error.

Powered gliders have recently seen an increase in popularity. By combining the efficient wing size and wide speed envelope of a glider airframe with an electric motor, it is possible to achieve long flight times and high carrying capacity, as well as glide in any suitable location regardless of thermals or lift.

A common method of maximising flight duration is to quickly fly a powered glider upwards to a chosen altitude and descending in an unpowered glide. Folding propellers which reduce drag as well as the risk of breaking the propellor are standard. Powered gliders built with stability in mind and capable of aerobatics, high speed flight and sustained vertical flight are classified as 'Hot-liners'.

Jets can be very expensive and commonly use a micro turbine or ducted fan to power them. Most airframes are constructed from fiber glass and carbon fiber.

For electric powered flight which are usually powered by electric ducted fans, may be made of styrofoam. Inside the aircraft, wooden spars reinforce the body to make a rigid airframe. They also have kevlar fuel tanks for the Jet A fuel that they run on. Most micro turbines start with propane, burn for a few seconds before introducing the jet fuel by solenoid.

They require incredibly quick reflexes and very expensive equipment, so are usually reserved for the expert. In the U. Also, the AMA requires model aviation enthusiasts who wish to operate miniature gas turbine powered RC model aircraft, to be certified in the operation of the type of gas turbine engine, and all aspects of safety in operating such a turbine-powered model aircraft, that they need to know in flying their model.

Many manufactures sell airframes such as Yellow Aircraft and Skymaster. Smaller turbines put out about 12 lbf 53 N of thrust, while larger microturbines can put out as much as 45 lbf N of thrust. Radio-control jets require an onboard FADEC full authority digital engine control controller; this controls the turbine, as on a full-size aircraft. RC jets also require electrical power. There is also a LiPo for the onboard servos that control ailerons, elevator, rudder, flaps and landing gear.

Of much less complexity are the types of RC jet aircraft that actually use an electric motor-driven ducted fan instead to power the aircraft. So called "EDF" models can be of much smaller size, and only need the same electronic speed controller and rechargeable battery technology as propeller-driven RC electric powered aircraft use. Radio-controlled jet aircraft are produced in the colors of various airlines.

Sports planes are planes capable of performing aerobatic maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in normal flight. Typical aerobatic maneuvers include inside loop, outside loop, Immelmann turn, inverted flight, stall turn, slow roll and Cuban 8.

Simply put, 3D flight is the art of flying a plane below its stall speed the speed at which the wings of the plane can no longer generate enough lift to keep the plane in the air. These elements allow for spectacular aerobatics such as hovering, 'harriers', torque rolling, blenders, rolling circles, flat spins, and more; maneuvers that are performed below the stall speed of the model.

The type of flying could be referred to as 'on the prop' as opposed to 'on the wing', which would describe more conventional flight patterns that make more use of the lifting surfaces of the plane. These generally make use of small brushless motors often outrunners, but also geared inrunners and lithium polymer batteries Li-Po.

There are also many larger 3D designs designed for two and four stroke glow engines, two stroke gas engines and large electric power systems. Racers are small propeller -driven aircraft that race around a 2, 3, or 4 pylon track. The goal is for the planes to be not only inexpensive, but closely matched in performance. This places the emphasis on good piloting. APRA is a version of with specific rules designed for consistency. The difference is in engine performance and construction.

The planes are primarily made of fiberglass with composites used at high load points. Wings are often hollow to save weight. All aircraft must meet a minimum weight. A lighter wing moves more of the weight closer to the center of gravity. This requires less control deflection and its resulting drag to change the planes attitude.

They also use. They have been designed to put out the maximum amount of power at a specific RPM using a specific fuel. Nelson manufactures the most predominantly used engine. Q40 is the highpoint of pylon racing, as their aircraft resemble full-size race planes. They are not limited to the simple shapes that Q planes are, which have much cleaner aerodynamics and less wing area. They use the same basic Nelson engine used in , but the engine is tuned to turn a much smaller prop at a much higher rpm.

Because of their limited wing area however, Q40 planes must fly a larger arc around the pylons to conserve energy. Although faster, they ultimately fly a larger course. The best times for a 10 lap 3 pylon Q40 race are very close to the same in F3D is the fastest class in "glow-powered" pylon racing. The maximum engine displacement is.

There are airframe limits on wing thickness, fuselage dimensions, and weight for safety reasons. Park flyers are small, primarily electric-powered planes, so named because their size enables some of them to be operated within the confines of a large public park.

The smallest park flyers are called micro planes, and are slow and docile enough to fly within an enclosed area such as a gymnasium or even a living room.

Because of their size and relative ease of setup, ready-to-fly park flyers are among the most popular class of RC aircraft for beginners and advanced pilots alike. Advanced electronic and material technologies have even brought forth high-performance, park Jet Plane Weight Line flyer sized " 3D-flyers ", or fully aerobatic aircraft capable of extreme high g maneuvers and even nose-up hovering. Once the exclusive realm of giant scale , 3D flight is now possible both indoors and out with certain park flyer aircraft.

Park flyers have created an inexpensive and convenient way for beginners to get involved in the hobby of RC flight. The modern materials used in the simple construction of these aircraft make field repairs possible even after significant crash damage.

Their small size and quiet operation make it possible to fly them in residential areas. Radio-controlled helicopters , although often grouped with RC aircraft, are in a class of their own due to the vast differences in construction, aerodynamics and flight training.

Hobbyists will often venture from planes, to jets and to helicopters as they enjoy the challenges, excitement and satisfaction of flying different types of aircraft. Some radio-controlled helicopters have photo or video cameras installed and are used for aerial imaging or surveillance.

Newer "3d" radio-control helicopters can fly inverted with the advent of advanced swash heads, and servo linkage that enables the pilot to immediately reverse the pitch of the blades, creating a reverse in thrust.

Some RC models take their inspiration from nature. These may be gliders made to look like a real bird, but more often they actually fly by flapping wings. Spectators are often surprised to see that such a model can really fly.

These factors as well as the added building challenge add to the enjoyment of flying bird models, though some ARF almost-ready-to-fly models are available. Flapping-wing models are also known as ornithopters , the technical name for an aircraft whose driving airfoils oscillate instead of rotate.

Since about , new, more sophisticated toy RC airplanes, helicopters, and ornithopters have been appearing on toy store shelves. This new category of toy RC distinguishes itself by:. As of , the toy class RC airplane typically has no elevator control. This is to manage costs, but it also allows for simplicity of control by unsophisticated users of all ages.

The downside of lack of elevator control is a tendency for the airplane to phugoid. To damp the phugoid oscillation naturally, the planes are designed with high drag which reduces flight performance and flying time.

The lack of elevator control also prevents the ability to "pull back" during turns to prevent altitude loss and speed increase. Crashes are common and inconsequential. Throttle control and turning reversal when flying toward the pilot rapidly become second-nature, giving a significant advantage when learning to fly a more costly hobby class RC aircraft.

First-person view FPV flight is a type of remote-control flying that has grown in popularity in recent years, and is a distinguishing feature of a drone. It involves mounting a small video camera and television transmitter on an RC aircraft and flying by means of a live video down-link, commonly displayed on video goggles or a portable LCD screen. When flying FPV, the pilot sees from the aircraft's perspective, and does not even have to look at the model.

As a result, FPV aircraft can be flown well beyond visual range, limited only by the range of the remote control, video transmitter and endurance of the aircraft.

Video transmitters typically operate at a power level between mW and mW. The most common frequencies used for video transmission are MHz, 1.

Sophisticated setups are capable of achieving a range of 20—30 miles or more. A basic FPV system consists of a camera, video transmitter, video receiver, and a display. More advanced setups commonly add in flight controller, including on-screen display OSD , auto-stabilize and return-to-home RTL functions.

RTL function is usually applied with failsafe in order to allow the aircraft to fly back to the home point on its own in when signal lost. Some advanced controllers can also navigate the drone using GPS. On-board cameras can be equipped with a pan and tilt mount, which when coupled with video goggles and "head tracking" devices creates a truly immersive, first-person experience, as if the pilot was actually sitting in the cockpit of the RC aircraft.

The most commonly chosen airframes for FPV planes are models with sufficient payload space for larger battery and large wings for excellent gliding ability. Suitable brushless motors are installed as the most common pushers to provide better flight performance and longer flight time. Pusher-propeller planes are preferred so that the propeller is not in view of the camera.

Flying wing designs are also popular for FPV, as they provide a good combination of large wing surface area, speed, maneuverability, and gliding ability. Because these restrictions prohibit flying beyond the visual range of the pilot an ability which many view as the most attractive aspect of FPV , most hobbyists that fly FPV do so outside of regular RC clubs and flying fields.

There are various ways to construct and assemble an RC aeroplane. Various kits are available, requiring different amounts of assembly, different costs and varying levels of skill and experience. Some kits can be mostly foam or plastic, or may be all balsa and ply wood. Construction of wood kits typically consists of using formers and longerons for the fuselage and spars and ribs for the wing and tail surfaces.

Many designs use solid sheets of balsa wood instead of longerons to form the fuselage sides and may also use expanded polystyrene for the wing core covered in a wood veneer , often balsa or obechi. Such designs tend to be slightly heavier but are typically easier to build. The lightest models are suitable for indoor flight, in a windless environment.

Some of these are made by bringing frames of balsa wood and carbon fiber up through water to pick up thin plastic films, similar to rainbow colored oil films. The advent of " foamies ," or craft injection-molded from lightweight foam and sometimes reinforced with carbon fiber , have made indoor flight more readily accessible to hobbyists. EPP Expanded Polypropylene foam planes are actually even bendable and usually sustain very little or no damage in the event of an accident, even after a nose dive.

Some companies have developed similar material with different names, such as AeroCell or Elapor. Amateur hobbyists have more recently developed a range of new model designs utilizing corrugated plastic , also sold as Coroplast.

Fans of the SPAD concept tout increased durability, ease of building, and lower priced materials as opposed to balsa models, sometimes though not always at the expense of greater weight and crude appearance. Flying models have to be designed according to the same principles as full-sized aircraft, and therefore their construction can be very different from most static models.

RC planes often borrow construction techniques from vintage full-sized aircraft although they rarely use metal structures. Ready to fly RTF airplanes come pre-assembled and usually only require wing attachment or other basic assembly. Typically, everything that is needed is provided, including the transmitter, receiver and battery. RTF airplanes can be up in the Radio Controlled Jet Planes Videos Join air in just a few minutes and have all but eliminated assembly time at the expense of the model's configuration options.

Almost ready to fly ARF or ARTF airplanes require final assembly typically including engine and fuel tank installation or electric motor, speed controller, and battery , servo and pushrod installation, control surface attachment, landing gear attachment, and sometimes require gluing the left and right wing halves together. The fuselage, wing halves, tail surfaces and control surfaces are already constructed. ARF airplanes typically only include the airframe and some accessories such as pushrods, fuel tank, etc.

Therefore, the power system glow engine, gas engine, or electric motor and any required accessories and radio system servos, transmitter, receiver, and battery must be purchased separately. Because they do not come with a transmitter, they must be bound to one instead. This is desirable for flyers that already own a transmitter.

There are several incompatible radio standards often found with Bind-N-Fly models. A programmable transmitter which can store custom parameters for multiple models is desirable so that trim and other advanced functions do not need to be altered when switching models.

Receiver Ready Rx-R models are similar to BNF models in that they are mostly assembled but let the user add their own receiver and battery, avoiding the need to deal with transmitter incompatibilities. Plug-N-Play radio control planes are the perfect answer for aeromodellers who want to buy and fly more than one RTF RC plane, but don't want to have a separate transmitter for each one.

Wood kits come in many sizes and skill levels. The wood, typically balsa and light ply, may either be cut with a die-cut or laser.

Laser cut kits have a much more precise construction and much tighter tolerances , but tend to cost more than die-cut kits. Wood kits include the raw material needed to assemble the airframe, a construction manual, and full-size plans. Assembling a model from plans or a kit can be very labor-intensive.

In order to complete the construction of a model, the builder typically spends many hours assembling the airframe, installing the engine and radio equipment, covering it, sometimes painting it, installing the control surfaces and pushrods, and adjusting the control surfaces travels. The kit does not include necessary tools, so they must be purchased separately. Care must be taken when building models from wood kits since construction flaws may affect the model's flying characteristics or even result in structural failure.

Smaller balsa kits will often come complete with the necessary parts for the primary purpose of non-flying modeling or rubber band flight. These kits will usually also come with conversion instructions to fly as glow gas powered or electric and can be flown free-flight or radio-controlled.

Converting a kit requires additional and substitution parts to get it to fly properly such as the addition of servos, hinges, speed controls, control rods and better landing gear mechanisms and wheels. Many small kits will come with a tissue paper covering that then gets covered with multiple layers of plane dope which coats and strengthens the fuselage and wings in a plastic-like covering.

It has become more common to cover planes with heat-shrinking plastic films backed with heat-sensitive adhesive.

These films are generally known as 'iron-on covering' since a hand-held iron allows the film to be attached to the frame; a higher temperature then causes the film to tighten.

This plastic covering is more durable and makes for a quick repair. Other varieties of heat shrinkable coverings are also available, that have fibrous reinforcements within the plastic film, or are actual woven heat shrinkable fabrics.

It is common to leave landing gear off smaller planes roughly 36" or smaller in order to save on weight, drag and construction costs. The planes can then be launched by hand-launching, as with smaller free-flight models, and can then land in soft grass. Flute board or Coroplast can be used in place of balsa wood. Planes can be built from published plans , often supplied as full-sized drawings with included instructions.

Parts normally need to be cut out from sheet wood or foam using supplied templates. Once all of the parts have been made, the project builds up just like a wood kit.

A model plane built from scratch ends up with more value because you created the project from the plans. There is more choice of plans and materials than with kits, and the latest and more specialized designs are usually not available in kit form. The plans can be scaled to any desired size with a computer or copy machine, usually with little or no loss in aerodynamic efficiency.

Hobbyists that have gained some experience in constructing and flying from kits and plans will often venture into building custom planes from scratch. This involves finding drawings of full-sized aircraft and scaling these down, or even designing the entire airframe from scratch.

It requires a solid knowledge of aerodynamics and a plane's control surfaces. Plans can be drawn up on paper or using CAD software. Several materials are commonly used for construction of the airframe of model radio-controlled aircraft.

The earliest model radio-controlled aircraft were constructed of wood covered with paper. Later, plastic film such as Monokote came to be widely used as a covering material. Wood has relatively low cost, high specific Young's modulus stiffness per unit weight , good workability and strength, and can be assembled with adhesives of various types.

Light-weight strong varieties such as balsa wood are preferred; basswood , pine and spruce are also used. Carbon fiber , in rod or strip form, supplements wood in more recent models to reinforce the structure, and replaces it entirely in some cases such as high performance turbine engine powered models and helicopters.

The disadvantage of using carbon fiber is its high cost. Expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene foam Styrofoam came to be used more recently for the construction of the entire airframe. Depron the type of foam used for meat trays blends rigidity with flexibility, allowing aircraft to absorb the stress of flying.

Expanded polypropylene EPP is an extremely resilient variety of foam, often used in basic trainers, which take considerable abuse from beginners. Foam is used either in an injection mold to make a molded airframe or is cut out of sheet to make a built up airframe similar to some wood airframes.

Airplanes of foam construction are frequently referred to as "Foamies". Twinwall extruded polypropylene sheet has been used from the mid nineties. Commonly known as Correx in the United Kingdom, it is mentioned in the sections above. Currently the Mugi group based in West Yorkshire still promote and use this material in 2mm thickness sheet form. Very tough and lightweight it has only two disadvantages. Firstly it needs particular two-part contact glues.

Secondly the material is difficult to paint due to low surface adhesion. Self-adhesive coloured tapes were the answer. Components are often laminated, taking advantage of differing flute directions for strength and forming.

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