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how-to-make-a-frame-gold-5g But it may take several steps to complete a single data transfer as in the example below. FFT lengths and cyclic prefix may vary on a symbol-by symbol basis. Hoe Spacing. Skip to content. The details of each parameters e. The second one shows the subcarrier spacing how to make a frame gold 5g 5 times wider than the current LTE and symbol length gets 5 times shorter comparing to the current LTE.

Followings are proposed by Intel in R [12]. Overall concept is similar to Example 1 and Example 2. I strongly recommend you to read this TDoc since it describes not only all these proposals but also pretty clear techical background for each of these proposals options. Now let's look into the Subframe Structure in terms of resource element allocation.

For this one as well, I will start introducing the proposal from Ericsson Ref [1]. As illustrated below, there can be two major types suggested. In LTE-Like structure, the reference signal is distribute over both time and frequency domain. But in new subframe, the reference signal is distributed across frequency domain only. In terms of time domain, it takes only one or more consecutive symbols.

This is understandable because the subframe length is very short we can assume that the channel condition would not vary meaning coherent within a subframe. Subframe Structure - Control and Data. In this section, I will keep accumulating the examples of subframe structure from various papers and whitepapers. Each one would have its own design concept. We don't know which type of subframe will be defined by 3GPP yet. But reviewing various types of proposal will give you a lot of insight with various aspects and help you understand 3GPP specification when it is released.

I think this kind of subframe structure would clear up a lot of confusion. Depending on configuration, they can concatenate multiple DL subframe and add only one UL control in the last subframe.

This would result in a little bit longer latency, but it would remove a lot of overhead and increase throughput in the situation where the latency is not so critical. Another example of the proposed frame structure Ref [5] is as follows.

In this frame subframe , you see both Tx Control and Rx Control so that they can transmit and receive the scheduling request and Grant with Synchronization signal in every frame. The frame length can be as short as 0. The details of each parameters e. In most case, these parameters are in trade-off relationships so a lot of optimization research should be performed. The section IV. Let's first pick one trace and see what it means.

I just picket the lowest trace no special reason. I put a couple of number label 1 , 2 , 3. If you see the segment from 1 - 2 , you see the spectrum efficiency gets better as CP length gets larger. But if you see the segment from 2 - 3 , the spectrum efficiency gets worse as CP length gets larger.

In the segment of 1 - 2 , the effect of increasing robustness by the increasing CP length play dominant rolles and this is why the spectrum efficiency is increasing in the region. However, after it hits a peak point 2 , the overhead caused by the increasing CP length is more dominant than the increased robustness. This is why the spectrum eifficiency is decreasing in the region. Now let's compare among the four traces labelled as A , B , C , D.

You see overal trend is similar meaning that Spectrum Efficiency is increasing to a certain point but start declining from the peak point. Trace A shows the higher spectrum efficiency than Trace D.

Then you may ask why they haven't tried even shorter SCS in this paper. It is not mentioned about the effect of even shorter SCS in this paper. I think it would still improve the spectrum efficiency if we get SCS a little bit shorter than that, but if we make it too short if the robustness of the communication gets worse due to weakness to phase noise. So too small SCS cannot be used in very high frequency.

Following plot is the same experiement but in different environment from the previous one. The way you interpret the plot is exactly same as previous plot. Here, compare this plot to the previous plot. From this comparison, you would notice that Urban micro environment shows poorer spectrum efficiency than Indoor hotspot cases with the same CP and same SCS. We need to increase the CP length greatly to achieve the same spectrum efficiency as Indoor Hotspot case.

Following is another example of subframe structure proposed in Ref [6] I strongly recommend you to read this reference. You would get a lot of insight on various factors you need to consider when you design subframe structure.

Following Table 5G Column shows the detailed parameters about the subframe structure proposed in this paper. The above illustration is mappend to the '5G' columm. Other columns are presented here just for comparison.

Some of the parameters are represented in the illustration but some of them are not in the illustration. So combine the illustration and the table in your brain to picture the complete details.

Carrier Bandwidth [Mhz]. Subcarrier spacing [kHz]. Symbol Length [us]. Effective subcarriers. TTI duration [ms]. Number of symbols per frame. GAP duration [us]. Let's summarize the characteristics of this frame structure based on the description on the paper I will try to express it in my own words.

Separation of Control channel and Data channel in Time Domain : As you see in the frame structure, Control channel and Data channel part is clearly separated. With this design, they can design the pipeline processing which is more cost effective. It means we can design separate independent processing module, one processing module is handling control channel only and the other processing module is handling data channel only.

As a result, the latency can be decreased. This design can be helpful in power saving as well because UE can completely turn off the transmitter or reciever if the control channel part does not have any scheduling information for transmission or reception. Whether it will be DL only or UL only will be determined by the control channel.

This would also help with power saving. If it is for DL only, the UE can completely turn off the transmitter during the data channel period. If it is for UL only, the UE can completely turn off the reciever during the data channel period.

Zadoff-chu sequence is used here because of its favorable cross-correlation properties. As a result, we can implement this waveform at significantly higher frequency with relatively cheap device. RAN Workshop on 5G. Seppo Vesterinen 3 ,. Da Costa 2 , Luis G. Garcia 2 ,. Fernando M. Cyclic Prefix Duration us. Numerology - Sampling Time. Sampling time can be defined differently depending on Numerogy i. See Physial Layer Timing Unit page to see how these numbers are derived and to see some other timing units.

Radio Frame Structure. However, regardless of numerology the length of one radio frame and the length of one subfame How To Make A Frame Look Weathered Zoom is same. The length of a Radio Frame is always 10 ms and the length of a subframe is always 1 ms. Then what should get different to accomondate the physical property of the different numerology? The anwer is to put different number of slots within one subfame. There is another varying parameter with numerology.

It is the number of symbols within a slot. However, the number of symbols within a slot does not change with the numberology, it only changes with slot configuration type. For slot configuration 0, the number of symbols for a slot is always 14 and for slot configuration 1, the number of symbols for a slot is always 7.

Now let's look into the details of radio frame structure for each numerology and slot configuration. In this configuration, a subframe has only one slot in it, it means a radio frame contains 10 slots in it.

The number of OFDM symbols within a slot is In this configuration, a subframe has 2 slots in it, it means a radio frame contains 20 slots in it.

In this configuration, a subframe has 4 slots in it, it means a radio frame contains 40 slots in it. In this configuration, a subframe has 8 slots in it, it means a radio frame contains 80 slots in it. In this configuration, a subframe has 16 slots in it, it means a radio frame contains slots in it.

Slot Format. Slot Format indicates how each of symbols within a single slot is used. It defines which symbols are used for uplink and which symbols are used for downlink within a specific slot. But in NR, the symbols within a slot can be configured in various ways as follows. Theoretically we can think of almost infinite number of possible combinations of DL symbol, UL symbol, Flexible Symbol within a slot, but 3GPP allows only 61 predefined symbol combination within a slot as in following table.

These predefined symbol allocation of a slot called Slot Format. For the details on how these Slot Format is being used in real operation, refer to Slot Format Combination page. Symbol Number in a slot. ConfigurationDedicated and, if any, on detected DCI formats.

Why we need so many different types of slot formats? Obviously it is not just to make your job difficult :.

DL-heavy transmission with UL part. Slot e. UL-heavy transmission with DL Control. Slot aggregation for DL-heavy transmission e. Slot aggregation for UL-heavy transmission e. Resource Grid. The resource grid for NR is defined as follows. If you just take a look at the picture, you would think it is almost identical to LTE resource grid. But the physical dimmension i. The maximum number of Resource blocks for downlink and uplink is defined as below this is different from LTE.

In terms of RF, you may need a little bit wider bandwidth than this because you need to consider the guardband. Refer to this page for estimating RF spectrum RF bandwidth. This table can be represented in Resource Grid as shown below.

This is based on The document states as follows :. This mean that [

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