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Shifts out a byte of data one bit at a time on a specified pin. Starts from either the most i. Each bit is written in turn to a data pin, after which a clock pin is pulsed taken high, then low to indicate that the bit is available. NOTE: if you're interfacing with a device that's clocked by rising edges, you'll need to make sure that the clock pin is low before the call to shiftOut , e.
This is a software implementation; see also the SPI function, which provides a hardware implementation that is faster but works only on specific pins. Shifts in a byte of data one bit at a time. For each bit, the clock pin is pulled high, the next bit is read from the data line, and then the clock pin is taken low.
Returns the length of the pulse in microseconds or 0 if no complete pulse was received within the timeout. The timing of this function is based on an internal hardware counter derived from the system tick clock. Works on pulses from 10 microseconds to 3 seconds in length.
Please note that if the pin is already reading the desired value when the function is called, it will wait for the pin to be the opposite state of the desired value , and then finally measure the duration of the desired value. This routine is blocking and does not use interrupts. The pulseIn routine will time out and return 0 after 3 seconds. D1, A2, C0, B3, etc.. Instead of using Serial directly, you should use it using the the SerialLogHandler if you are writing debugging messages.
Using the Log method makes it easy to switch between Serial and Serial1 or both! It also allows log messages to be intercepted by code, and even saved to things like SD cards, with additional libraries. You should also avoid mixing the use of Serial. Since Serial. To use the Serial1 pins to communicate with your personal computer, you will need an additional USB-to-serial adapter. To use the hardware serial pins of Serial1 to communicate with your personal computer, you will need an additional USB-to-serial adapter.
Hardware serial port baud rates are: , , , , , , , , , , , , , and on the Gen 3 devices. Baudrate can be used to put the device into DFU Mode. When using hardware serial channels Serial1, Serial2 , the configuration of the serial channel may also specify the number of data bits, stop bits, parity, flow control and other settings.
To specify one of the following configurations, add one of these defines as the second parameter in the begin function, e. If you are not using flow control the default , then these pins can be used as regular GPIO. When used with hardware serial channels Serial1, Serial2 , disables serial communication, allowing channel's Sash Router Bit Set Led RX and TX pins to be used for general input and output.
To re-enable serial communication, call SerialX. When used with USB serial channels Serial , end will cause the device to quickly disconnect from Host and connect back without the selected serial channel.
Get the number of bytes characters available for reading from the serial port. This is data that's already arrived and stored in the serial receive buffer. The receive buffer size for hardware serial channels Serial1, Serial2 is bytes and cannot be changed. Retrieves the number of bytes characters that can be written to this serial port without blocking. If blockOnOverrun false has been called, the method returns the number of bytes that can be written to the buffer without causing buffer overrun, which would cause old data to be discarded and overwritten.
This avoids buffer overrun, where data that has not yet been sent over serial is overwritten by new data. Use this option for increased data integrity at the cost of slowing down realtime code execution when lots of serial data is sent at once. This option is provided when performance is more important than data integrity.
A family of application-defined functions that are called whenever there is data to be read from a serial peripheral. The serialEvent functions are called in between calls to the application loop. This means that if loop runs for a long time due to delay calls or other blocking calls the serial buffer might become full between subsequent calls to serialEvent and serial characters might be lost.
Avoid long delay calls in your application if using serialEvent. Since serialEvent functions are an extension of the application loop, it is ok to call any functions that you would also call from loop. Because of this, there is little advantage to using serial events over just reading serial from loop.
Returns the next byte character of incoming serial data without removing it from the internal serial buffer. That is, successive calls to peek will return the same character, as will the next call to read. Writes binary data to the serial port. This data is sent as a byte or series of bytes; to send the characters representing the digits of a number use the print function instead.
This command can take many forms. Bytes are sent as a single character. Characters and strings are sent as is. For example:. For floating point numbers, this parameter specifies the number of decimal places to use.
This command takes the same forms as Serial. Provides printf -style formatting over serial. The last printf call could be changed to printlnf to avoid a separate call to println.
Produces the same output as printf which is then followed by a newline character, so to that subsequent output appears on the next line.
Another technique is to use waitFor which makes it easy to time-limit the waiting period. If you want to read or write the object from multiple threads, including from a software timer, you must lock and unlock it to prevent data from multiple thread from being interleaved or corrupted. A call to lock lock must be balanced with a call to unlock and not be nested. This library allows you to communicate with SPI "Serial Peripheral Interface" devices, with the device as the master device.
This second port is mapped as follows:. Slave-select is pulled high. The user's code must control the slave-select pin with digitalWrite before and after each SPI transfer for the desired SPI slave device. Calling SPI. Where, the parameter ss is the SPI device slave-select pin to initialize.
If no pin is specified, the default pin is:. It is not supported on SPI. Sets the SPI clock speed. The value can be specified as a direct value, or as as a value plus a multiplier. The clock speed cannot be set to any arbitrary value, but is set internally by using a divider see SPI. This method can make writing portable code easier, since it specifies the clock speed absolutely, giving comparable results across devices.
In contrast, specifying the clock speed using dividers is typically not portable since is dependent upon the system clock speed. This function aims to ease porting code from other platforms by setting the clock speed that SPI. This can be avoided by placing a call to SPI. Sets the SPI clock divider relative to the selected clock reference.
The available dividers are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, or Sets the SPI data mode: that is, clock polarity and phase. See the Wikipedia article on SPI for details.
If you call transfer in a loop, call beginTransaction function before the loop and endTransaction after the loop, to avoid the overhead of acquiring and releasing the lock over and over. For transferring a large number of bytes, this form of transfer uses DMA to speed up SPI data transfer and at the same time allows you to run code in parallel to the data transmission.
If a user callback function is passed then it will be called after completion of the DMA transfer. This results in asynchronous filling of RX buffer after which the DMA transfer is disabled till the transfer function is called again. If NULL is passed as a callback then the result is synchronous i. For every byte expected to be received, one dummy, typically 0x00 or 0xFF byte must be sent.
Registers a function to be called when the SPI master selects or deselects this slave device by pulling configured slave-select pin low selected or high deselected. You should use SPISettings with 2. See Synchronizing Access to Shared System Resources section for additional information on shared resource locks.
It is required that you use beginTransaction and endTransaction if:. This function releases the SPI peripheral lock, allowing other threads to use it. For an in-depth tutorial on I2C, see learn more about I2C. They're typically 4. Many of the breakout boards you can buy at Adafruit or SparkFun already have the pull-up resistors on them, typically 10K but sometimes 4. If you buy a bare chip that's a sensor, it typically won't have a built-in pull-up resistors so you'll need to add the external resistors.
On the P1, there are 2. You should not add external pull-ups on the P1. This will sometimes work, but is still too large of a pull-up to be reliable so you should add external pull-ups as well. Connect a pull-up resistor 1. If you are using a breakout board with an I2C peripheral, check to see if it already incorporates pull-up resistors.
Additionally, on the Argon and Xenon, there a second I2C port that can be used with the Wire1 object:. Note : Because there are multiple I2C locations available, be sure to use the same Wire or Wire1 object with all associated functions. For example, do not use Wire. Sets the I2C clock speed. This is an optional call not from the original Arduino specs. Enables or Disables I2C clock stretching.
I2C clock stretching is only used with I2C Slave mode. The default I2C clock stretching mode is enabled. Initiate the Wire library and join the I2C bus as a master or slave. This should normally be called only once. Parameters: address : the 7-bit slave address optional ; if not specified, join the bus as an I2C master.
If address is specified, join the bus as an I2C slave. Used to check if the Wire library is enabled already. Useful if using multiple slave devices on the same I2C bus. Check if enabled before calling Wire. Used by the master to request bytes from a slave device. The bytes may then be retrieved with the available and read functions.
Returns: byte : the number of bytes returned from the slave device. If a timeout occurs, will return 0. Attempts to reset the I2C bus.
This should be called only if the I2C bus has has hung. Begin a transmission to the I2C slave device with the given address. Subsequently, queue bytes for transmission with the write function and transmit them by calling endTransmission. Instead of passing only an address, a WireTransmission object can be passed to Wire. Ends a transmission to a slave device that was begun by beginTransmission and transmits the bytes that were queued by write.
Parameters: stop : boolean. The bus will not be released, which prevents another master device from transmitting between messages. This allows one master device to send multiple transmissions while in control. If no argument is specified, the default value is true. Queues bytes for transmission from a master to slave device in-between calls to beginTransmission and endTransmission , or writes data from a slave device in response to a request from a master.
Buffer size is truncated to 32 bytes; writing bytes beyond 32 before calling endTransmission will be ignored. Returns the number of bytes available for retrieval with read. This should be called on a master device after a call to requestFrom or on a slave inside the onReceive handler.
Reads a byte that was transmitted from a slave device to a master after a call to requestFrom or was transmitted from a master to a slave. Similar in use to read. Reads but does not remove from the buffer a byte that was transmitted from a slave device to a master after a call to requestFrom or was transmitted from a master to a slave. Useful for peeking at the next byte to be read. The Wire object does not have built-in thread-safety.
If you want to use read or write from multiple threads, including from a software timer, you must lock and unlock it to prevent data from multiple thread from being interleaved or corrupted. Parameters: handler : the function to be called when the slave receives data; this should take a single int parameter the number of bytes read from the master and return nothing, e. Note: This handler will lock up the device if System calls such as Particle.
Do not overload this handler with extra function calls other than what is immediately required to receive I2C data. Post process outside of this handler. Parameters: handler : the function to be called, takes no parameters and returns nothing, e.
Do not overload this handler with extra function calls other than what is immediately required to send I2C data. If you do not include this function, the default behavior of 32 byte rx and tx buffers will be used. BLE is intended for low data rate sensor applications. Particle devices do not support Bluetooth A2DP and can't be used with Bluetooth headsets, speakers, and other audio devices.
Particle devices do not support Bluetooth 5 mesh. The BLE radio can use the built-in chip or trace antenna, or an external antenna if you have installed and configured one. The SoMs do not have built-in antennas. It is not available in earlier Device OS versions. Some differences between 1. A BLE peripheral can periodically publish data to all nearby devices using advertising. Optionally, you can provide a scanResponse data object. If provided, the central device can ask for it during the scan process.
Both the advertising data and scan data are public - any device can see and request the data without authentication. You cannot use BLE advertising while in listening mode blinking dark blue. The device will be advertising its configuration capabilities to the Particle app when in listening mode. You can advertise as an Apple iBeacon. See the iBeacon section for more information. You cannot use BLE advertising including iBeacon while in listening mode blinking dark blue.
The advertising data set using the previous two calls is saved. You can using BLE. Stops advertising. You can resume advertising using BLE. Advertising automatically stops while connected to a central device and resumes when disconnected. You can get the advertising data that you previously set using getAdvertisingData.
Initially the data will be empty. See also BleAdvertisingData. You can set the advertising data using setAdvertisingData. You might want to do this if you want to change the data while continuously advertising. Sets the advertising interval.
The unit is 0. The default value is , or milliseconds. Normally, advertising continues until stopAdvertising is called or a connection is made from a central device. You can also have advertising automatically stop after a period of time.
The parameter is in units of 10 milliseconds, so if you want to advertise for 10 seconds you'd set the parameter to See BleAdvertisingEventType for more information. See BleAdvertisingParameters for more information. In addition to the advertising data, there is an additional 31 bytes of data referred to as the scan response data. This data can be requested during the scan process. It does not require connection or authentication.
This is only used from scannable peripheral devices. Adds a characteristic to this peripheral device from a BleCharacteristic object. You can have up to 20 user services, however you typically cannot advertise that many services as the advertising payload is too small. You normally only advertise your primary service that you device will searched by. Other, less commonly used services can be found after connecting to the device. Instead of setting the parameters in a BleCharacteristic object you can pass them directly to addCharacteristic.
The parameters are the same as the BleCharacteristic constructors and are described in more detail in the BleCharacteristic documentation. See also BleCharacteristicProperty. Scan for BLE devices. This is typically used by a central device to find nearby BLE devices that can be connected to. It can also be used by an observer to find nearby beacons that continuously transmit data. There are three overloads of BLE.
The calls do not return until the scan is complete. The BLE. The BleScanResult is described below. It contains:. The Vector version of scan does not require guessing the number of scan items ahead of time. However, it does dynamically allocate memory to hold all of the scan results. This call does not return until the scan is complete. The setScanTimeout function determines how long the scan will run for.
The callback version of scan does not return until the scan has reached the end of the scan timeout. There are still advantages of using this, however:. Note: You cannot call BLE. You can store the object instance pointer this in the context. The callback is called from the BLE thread. It has a smaller stack than the normal loop stack, and you should avoid doing any lengthy operations that block from the callback. For example, you should not try to use functions like Particle.
You should beware of thread safety issues. For example you should use Log. The stopScanning method interrupts a BLE. It's typically called from the scan callback function. You might want to do this if you're looking for a specific device - you can stop scanning after you find it instead of waiting until the end of the scan timeout.
See BleScanParams for more information. Sets the parameters used for scanning. Typically you will only ever need to change the scan timeout, but if you need finer control you can use this function.
Scanning for devices provides its address as well as additional data advertising data. With the address you can connect:.
This call is synchronous and will block until a connection is completed or the operation times out. Returns a BlePeerDevice object. You typically use a construct like this:.
It is possible to save the address and avoid scanning, however the address could change on some BLE devices, so you should be prepared to scan again if necessary. A central device can connect to up to 3 peripheral devices at a time. It's limited to 1 in Device OS 1.
See the next section for the use of BleConnectionParams as well as interval, latency, and timeout. Note that the timeout is the timeout after the connection is established, to determine that the other side is no longer available. It does not affect the initial connection timeout. Sets the connection parameter defaults so future calls to connect without options will use these values.
Can be used in central or peripheral mode, however if central mode if you are supporting more than one peripheral you may want to use the connected method of the BlePeerDevice object to find out the status of individual connections. Typically used in central mode when making connections to multiple peripherals to disconnect a single peripheral. The BlePeerDevice is described below.
You typically get it from BLE. Turns the BLE radio on. Starts the BLE service. It defaults to started, so you normally do not need to call this unless you have stopped it.
Registers a callback function that is called when a connection is established. This is only called for peripheral devices. On central devices, BLE. You can use this method, or you can simply monitor BLE. Registers a callback function that is called when a connection is disconnected on a peripheral device.
See BleAddress for more information. It's not necessary to select the external antenna on the B Series SoM as there is no internal option. This will only be necessary if a library you are using enables Arduino compatibility. There isn't a separate class for configuring BLE Services. The health thermometer only has a single characteristic, however if your service has multiple characteristics you can add them all this way.
You can also create custom services by using a long UUID. You define what characteristic data to include for a custom service. UUIDs are described below. In a BLE peripheral role, each service has one or more characteristics. Each characteristic may have one of more values. In a BLE central role, you typically have a receive handler to be notified when the peripheral updates each characteristic value that you care about. For assigned characteristics, the data will be in a defined format as defined by the Bluetooth SIG.
They are listed here. For more information about characteristics, see the BLE tutorial. You typically construct a characteristic as a global variable with no parameters when you are using central mode and will be receiving values from the peripheral. For example, this is done in the heart rate central tutorial to receive values from a heart rate sensor. Once you've created your characteristic in setup you typically hook in its onDataReceived handler.
The BlePeerDevice object is described below. The context parameter can be used to pass extra data to the callback. In a peripheral role, you typically define a value that you send out using this constructor. The parameters are:. The UUIDs for the characteristic and service can be a number of formats but are typically either:.
In a peripheral role if you are receiving data from the central device, you typically assign your characteristic like this. Get the BLE characteristic properties for this characteristic. This indicates whether it can be read, written, etc.. This overload of getValue is typically used when you have a complex characteristic with a packed data structure that you need to manually extract.
For example, the heart measurement characteristic has a flags byte followed by either a 8-bit or bit value. To set the value of the characteristic to a string value, use this method. The terminating null is not included in the characteristic; the length is set to the actual string length. You can pass the object instance this in context. If you have a global function, you probably don't need the context and can pass NULL. This bitfield defines what access is available to the property.
It's assigned by the peripheral, and provides information to the central device about how the characteristic can be read or written. For bidirectional data transfer you typically assign two different characteristics, one for receive and one for transmit, as shown in the UART examples.
The bit characteristic IDs are listed here. The bit UUIDs are used for your own custom services and characteristics. These are not assigned by any group. There is no central registry; they are statistically unlikely to ever conflict. A bit 16 byte UUID is often written like this: dacaaa24df29f It's a series of 32 hexadecimal digits , a-f written in a pattern. You normally don't need to set the value of a BleUuid after construction, but the following methods are available:.
For more information about advertising, see the BLE tutorial. Construct a BleAdvertisingData object. You typically do this in a peripheral role before adding new data. In the central role, you get a filled in object in the BleScanResult object. If you do not include it, one will be inserted automatically. The first two bytes of the company data are typically the company ID.
You need to be a member of the Bluetooth SIG to get a company ID, and the field is only 16 bits wide, so there can only be companies. If you are using private custom data it's recommended to begin it with two 0xff bytes, that way your data won't confuse apps that are scanning for company-specific custom data.
The maximum custom data size is 26 bytes, including the company ID. Adding data that is too large will cause it to be omitted not truncated. An optional field in the advertising data is the local name. This can be useful if the user needs to Rail And Stile Router Bit Set Keyboard select from multiple devices. The name takes up the length of the name plus two bytes type and length. Appends a service UUID to the advertisement short or long. You typically only advertise the primary service.
For example, the health thermometer advertises the health thermometer service. Upon connecting, the central device can discover that it also supports the battery service. Put another way, a user or app would most likely only want to discover a nearby thermometer, not any battery powered device nearby. Since long UUIDs are long 16 bytes plus 2 bytes of overhead they will use a lot of the 31 byte payload, leaving little room for other things like short name.
In a peripheral role, you sometimes will want to build your advertising data complete by hand. You can then copy your pre-build structure into the BleAdvertisingData object using set.
In the central role, if you want to get a specific block of advertising data by type, you can use this method. Returns 0 if the type does not exist in the advertising data. In the central role, if you want to get the advertising data as a complete block of data, you can use the get method with a buffer and length. Returns a String object or an empty string if the advertising data does not contain a name.
There is often a single UUID advertised, even for devices that have multiple services. For example, a heart rate monitor might only advertise that it's a heart rate monitor even though it also supports the battery service.
The additional services can be discovered after connecting. Since the advertisement data is limited to 31 bytes, the maximum number of services that could be advertised is 14 bit UUIDs. Returns the size of the data in bytes. The following are the valid values for BleAdvertisingDataType. In many cases you won't need to use the directly as you can use methods like serviceUUID in the BleAdvertisingData to set both the type and data automatically.
Any nearby device can discover it by scanning. This object can be used to see if the connection is still open and get BleCharacteristic objects for the peripheral device. See also BleUuid. Returns true if the characteristic was found. Get the characteristic by its description. Each Bluetooth device has an address, which is encapsulated in the BleAddress object.
The address is 6 octets, and the BleAddress object has two additional bytes of overhead. The BleAddress object can be trivially copied. You can access individual bytes using array syntax:. However there are numerous options:.
This enumeration specifies the type of BLE address. The type is part of the BleAddress class. You will not typically need to change this. Apple iOS iBeacon can be used to customize mobile app content based on nearby beacons.
From the Getting Started with iBeacon guide. In other words, you'll assign a single UUID to all of the beacons in your fleet of beacons and figure out which one you're at using the major and minor values. When searching for an iBeacon, you need to know the UUID of the beacon you're looking for, so you don't want to assign too many. NFC Near-Field Communication is typically used to communicate small amounts of data to a mobile app in very close range, within a few inches.
Particle Gen 3 devices only support emulating an NFC tag. They cannot locate or communicate with tags themselves, or support protocols such as for NFC payments. A separate antenna is required. NFC uses the unlicensed FL connector on the bottom of the board, directly underneath the USB connector.
The blue D7 LED will flash briefly when reading. Each time you read, the counter will increment. Note that all of the set options are mutually exclusive. Calling NFC. The maximum size is bytes for a single text record. Adding multiple records will add some additional overhead for each NDEF message, 2 - 4 bytes, plus the length of the data.
The maximum size is bytes for a single record. On Android devices, it's possible to set an app by its android package name to launch when the tag is read. This does not do anything on iOS. This section describes the methods you may need to use BLE. If you are using the ID, call this method to set the value. It will automatically set the IL field in the header.
Gets a client that is connected to the server and has data available for reading. The connection persists when the returned client object goes out of scope; you can close it by calling client.
Write data to the last client that connected to a server. This data is sent as a byte or series of bytes. This function is blocking by default and may block the application thread indefinitely until all the data is sent. This function also takes an optional argument timeout , which allows the caller to specify the maximum amount of time the function may take.
If timeout value is specified, write operation may succeed partially and it's up to the caller to check the actual number of bytes written and schedule the next write call in order to send all the data out. The application code may additionally check if an error occurred during the last write call by checking getWriteError return value.
Any non-zero error code indicates and error during write operation. Print data to the last client connected to a server. Print data, followed by a newline, to the last client connected to a server. This value is updated every after every call to write or can be manually cleared by clearWriteError.
Clears the error code of the most recent write operation setting it to 0. This function is automatically called by write. Creates a client which can connect to a specified internet IP address and port defined in the client. Whether or not the client is connected. Note that a client is considered connected if the connection has been closed but there is still unread data.
This is different than connected which returns true if the socket is closed but there is still unread buffered data, available is non-zero. Connects to a specified IP address and port. The return value indicates success or failure. Also supports DNS lookups when using a domain name. Write data to the server the client is connected to. Print data to the server that a client is connected to. Returns: byte : print will return the number of bytes written, though reading that number is optional.
Print data, followed by a carriage return and newline, to the server a client is connected to. Returns the number of bytes available for reading that is, the amount of data that has been written to the client by the server it is connected to. Read the next byte received from the server the client is connected to after the last call to read.
Note that UDP does not guarantee that messages are always delivered, or that they are delivered in the order supplied. In cases where your application requires a reliable connection, TCPClient is a simpler alternative. If you are listening on a specific port, you need to call begin port again every time the network is disconnected and reconnects, as well.
Get the number of bytes characters available for reading from the buffer. This is data that's already arrived. Called after writing buffered UDP data using write or print. The buffered data is then sent to the remote UDP peer. Writes UDP data to the buffer - no data is actually sent. Must be wrapped between beginPacket and endPacket. Checks for the presence of a UDP packet and returns the size.
Note that it is possible to receive a valid packet of zero bytes, this will still return the sender's address and port after the call to receivePacket. Checks for the presence of a UDP packet, and reports the size. It's usually more efficient to use receivePacket instead of parsePacket and read. Reads UDP data from the specified buffer.
If no arguments are given, it will return the next character in the buffer. Returns the IP address of sender of the packet parsed by Udp. Returns the port from which the UDP packet was sent. The packet is the one most recently processed by Udp. The buffer is used when your application calls beginPacket and parsePacket.
If setBuffer isn't called, the buffer size defaults to bytes, and is allocated when buffered operation is initialized via beginPacket or parsePacket. This is typically required only when performing advanced memory management and the UDP instance is not scoped to the lifetime of the application. Join a multicast address for all UDP sockets which are on the same network interface as this one.
This will allow reception of multicast packets sent to the given address for UDP sockets which have bound the port to which the multicast packet was sent. Must be called only after begin so that the network interface is established. This library allows your device to control RC hobby servo motors. Servos have integrated gears and a shaft that can be precisely controlled.
Standard servos allow the shaft to be positioned at various angles, usually between 0 and degrees. Continuous rotation servos allow the rotation of the shaft to be set to various speeds.
Writes a value to the servo, controlling the shaft accordingly. On a standard servo, this will set the angle of the shaft in degrees , moving the shaft to that orientation. On a continuous rotation servo, this will set the speed of the servo with 0 being full-speed in one direction, being full speed in the other, and a value near 90 being no movement.
Writes a value in microseconds uS to the servo, controlling the shaft accordingly. On a standard servo, this will set the angle of the shaft. On standard servos a parameter value of is fully counter-clockwise, is fully clockwise, and is in the middle. Note that some manufactures do not follow this standard very closely so that servos often respond to values between and Feel free to increase these endpoints until the servo no longer continues to increase its range.
Note however that attempting to drive a servo past its endpoints often indicated by a growling sound is a high-current state, and should be avoided. Continuous-rotation servos will respond to the writeMicrosecond function in an analogous manner to the write function.
Read the current angle of the servo the value passed to the last call to write. Returns an integer from 0 to degrees. In Device OS 2. Sets a trim value that allows minute timing adjustments to correctly calibrate 90 as the stationary point. Set the color of the RGB with three values, 0 to 0 is off, is maximum brightness for that color. This setting persists after RGB.
The onChange handler is called times per second so you should be careful to not do any lengthy computations or functions that take a long time to execute.
Do not call functions like Log. Instead, save the values from onChange in global variables and handle lengthy operations from loop if you need to do lengthy operations. This library allows applications to share control over the on-device RGB LED with the Device OS in a non-exclusive way, making it possible for the system to use the LED for various important indications, such as cloud connection errors, even if an application already uses the LED for its own signaling.
For this to work, an application needs to assign a priority to every application-specific LED indication using instances of the LEDStatus class , and the system will ensure that the LED only shows a highest priority indication at any moment of time. The library also allows to set a custom theme for the system LED signaling.
Every LED status is described by a signaling pattern , speed and color parameters. Typically, applications use separate status instance for each application state that requires LED indication. In the provided example, the application defines a single LED status blinkRed and activates it for 3 seconds, causing the LED to start blinking in red color. Note that there is no need to toggle the LED on and off manually — this is done automatically by the system, according to the parameters passed to the status instance.
Constructs a status instance. Initially, a newly constructed status instance is set to inactive state and doesn't affect the LED until setActive method is called by an application to activate this instance.
Sets pattern speed. This method resets pattern period to a system-default value that depends on specified pattern speed and current pattern type set for this status instance.
Sets pattern period. Pattern period specifies duration of a signaling pattern in milliseconds. Sets status priority. Note that a newly assigned priority will take effect only after setActive method is called for the next time.
Activates or deactivates this status instance. The overloaded method that takes priority argument assigns a new priority to this status instance before activating it. In the provided example, CustomStatus class implements a signaling pattern that alternates between some of the predefined colors. Once an instance of such class is activated, the system starts to call its update method periodically in background, passing number of milliseconds passed since previous update in ticks argument.
Note: The system may call update method within an ISR. Ensure provided implementation doesn't make any blocking calls, returns as quickly as possible, and, ideally, only updates internal timing and makes calls to setColor , setActive and other methods of the base LEDStatus class.
This class allows to set a custom theme for the system LED signaling. This may be changed in future versions of the firmware. Internally, the system uses the same set of priorities for its own LED signaling. In a situation when both an application and the system use same priority for their active indications, system indication takes precedence. The device synchronizes time with the Particle Device Cloud during the handshake.
From then, the time is continually updated on the device. This reduces the need for external libraries to manage dates and times. Before the device gets online and for short intervals, you can use the millis and micros functions.
Returns the number of milliseconds since the device began running the current program. This number will overflow go back to zero , after approximately 49 days. Note: The return value for millis is an unsigned long, errors may be generated if a programmer tries to do math with other data types such as ints.
Instead of using millis , you can instead use System. Pauses the program for the amount of time in milliseconds specified as parameter. There are milliseconds in a second. NOTE: the parameter for millis is an unsigned long, errors may be generated if a programmer tries to do math with other data types such as ints.
You can also specify a value using chrono literals , for example: delay 2min for 2 minutes. However you should generally avoid long delays. Pauses the program for the amount of time in microseconds specified as parameter. There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond, and a million microseconds in a second. You can also specify a value using chrono literals , for example: delayMicroseconds 2ms for 2 milliseconds, but you should generally avoid using long delay values with delayMicroseconds.
If you have set a timezone using zone , beginDST , etc. You must still pass in UTC time, otherwise the time offset will be applied twice.
Retrieve the hour in hour format for the current or given time. Integer is returned without a leading zero. You must still pass in UTC time, otherwise the time offset will be applied twice, potentially causing an incorrect date. You must still pass in UTC time, otherwise the time offset will be applied twice, potentially causing an incorrect day of week.
Retrieve the current time as seconds since January 1, commonly known as "Unix time" or "epoch time". This time is not affected by the timezone setting, it's coordinated universal time UTC. Retrieve the current time in the configured timezone as seconds since January 1, commonly known as "Unix time" or "epoch time". This time is affected by the timezone setting. Note that the functions in the Time class expect times in UTC time, so the result from this should be used carefully.
You should not pass Time. The setting does not automatically change based on the calendar date. The default is 1 hour.
The device will remember this offset until reboot. The setting is not remembered and is not automatically changed based on the calendar.
It is not calculated automatically. If the cloud connection drops, the reconnection handshake will set the time again. NB: In 0. This has been removed in 0. If you have set the time zone using Time. Note: The custom time provided to Time. In more advanced cases, you can set the format to a static string that follows the same syntax as the strftime function.
This function is also implicitly called by any Time function that returns current time or date e. For more advanced date parsing, formatting, normalization and manipulation functions, use the C standard library time functions like mktime. See the note about the standard library on the device and the description of the C standard library time functions. A number of APIs have been modified to support chrono literals. For example, instead of having to use for 2 seconds in the delay , you can use 2s for 2 seconds.
Individual APIs may have minimum unit limits. For example, delay has a minimum unit of milliseconds, so you cannot specify a value in microseconds us. If you attempt to do this, you will get a compile-time error:. Interrupts are a way to write code that is run when an external event occurs. As a general rule, interrupt code should be very fast, and non-blocking. Rather, the interrupt handler can set a variable which instructs the main loop that the event has occurred.
Specifies a function to call when an external interrupt occurs. Replaces any previous function that was attached to the interrupt.
Additional information on which pins can be used for interrupts is available on the pin information page.
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