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Uses: Poplar is an excellent choice as a secondary wood for drawer boxes, cabinets, and furniture components, and for molding and millwork that will be painted. Because of its fine texture and lack of knots, it's also a favorite for carving, turning, and wood sculptures. Uses: Used primarily as an accent in fine furniture and casework, purpleheart is quite beautiful and can remain that Sanding Machine For Wood Deck Jump way, but it is definitely an indoor wood.
A piece of this species that is exposed to the elements will, unfortunately, turn black. It is a popular wood for outdoor furniture, siding, fences, decks, porches, and other architectural elements that will be subjected to the vagaries of weather. Uses: Rosewood is generally reserved for small projects and special accents. Veneer is its most cost-effective use. High prices and limited availability have inspired man-made substitutes using common domestic veneers that are compressed and dyed to look like rosewood and machine and finish well.
Uses: The roots and underlying bark of sassafras are used to distill oil that is used in flavoring candy, as a scent in soap, and for folk medicines. In some parts of the United States, tea made from sassafras bark and roots has been used as a substitute for imported tea for years. Uses: Woodworkers are willing to pay a premium price for black walnut to complete their finest projects. Considering the price, it is generally reserved for fine indoor applications nowadays such as architectural millwork, cabinetry, and fine furniture.
Uses: Yew steam-bends well, making it a favorite choice for the hoop backs of Windsor chairs. Figured yew, with wavy grain that is dotted by little black knots, is highly prized by carvers and turners. It makes good outdoor furniture, exterior trim, and fences.
Historically, yew was preferred for archery bows, because it is so elastic. Home Wood Species Guide. From Alaska to California, red alder is the most common commercial hardwood. This cousin of birch and aspen generally prefers wet climates and usually grows in groves along stream banks or on moist hillsides. Red alder grows like a weed, doing especially well on logged-out or burned land.
It often overtakes the efforts of foresters trying to replant softwood species like fir and spruce. Alder's ability to resist the ravages of forest fires also has contributed to its abundance. It could be called a chameleon wood, for it is widely used to imitate some mighty pricey competition including walnut, mahogany, and cherry.
Its ruddy coloring and indistinct grain pattern allow a creative finisher to mimic the hues of these other species, and its hardness makes it a suitable wood for furniture and millwork. Also popular with turners, particularly mass production shops, it requires little sanding and has a uniform grain pattern, which reduces tear-out on the lathe.
Around the turn of the century, it was commonplace to find chestnuts towering 90' tall with trunk diameters of 6'. Tragically, it is now near extinction, due to a catastrophic blight first noticed in the Bronx Zoo in A shipment of chestnut trees imported from China and Japan came with an unfortunate stowaway, a fungus that cuts off the flow of sap, causing the tree to die above ground.
Ironically, the fungus can't live in soil, so initially the root systems of chestnuts often survived, sending up shoots that lasted only a few years until they were stricken by the blight themselves. A crossbreeding effort at restoration, with some promising results, is being led by the American Chestnut Foundation located in Bennington, Vermont. The most common species of ash used for woodworking is generally referred to as white ash, a species that has assumed a legendary role in major league baseball parks.
When a batter takes his swings at home plate, he is usually relying on a bat made from white ash. It's a superior choice for bats because of long fibers, which bend a little upon impact with the ball.
These same long fibers make ash an excellent choice for woodworkers who are planning projects that will involve bending and laminating. Although quite hard and strong, ash offers excellent working properties in the shop. When using properly sharpened cutting tools, ash is rather easy to plane, saw, drill, and chisel.
However, its tendency to splinter when dull tools are being used is less forgiving than with many species. Ash also offers outstanding staining and finishing qualities. The wood is comparable to oak in many respects, particularly appearance. The open grain texture shared by both species often fools the casual observer. Furthermore, oak and ash have almost identical hardness ratings. The beech is a unique-looking tree with grayish bark that is remarkably smooth from its twigs to its trunk, giving romantics a palette to carve their names.
The wood is distinguishable by its evenly distributed tiny red-brown flecks. Even- textured with small, consistently spaced pores, it has superb machining qualities.
Beech accepts finishes well and polishes to a nice sheen. Steam bending and laminating both work wonderfully, making it a top choice for bent chair parts. It has poor decay resistance. It is quite difficult to dry and prone to significant shrinkage and warping during the process. Once dry, however, the wood is relatively stable, if not subjected to extreme swings in humidity.
Birch is a species of contradiction. The white bark boldly stands out from all other trees in the forest, but in the shop the species has one of the subtlest appearances. Complementing its whitish color, a faint pattern sweeps across this closed-grained, evenly textured wood—a desirable characteristic when the project's design needs to dominate the wood's appearance.
In the shop, birch works well with both hand and power tools, particularly for a wood that falls between oak harder and cherry softer in hardness. It saws, planes, and turns well, with relatively little tearing and splintering. Birch experiences significant shrinkage while drying, but once properly seasoned it offers good stability and resists warping and twisting. It is unequaled when it comes to accepting a clear varnish or polyurethane finish but is much less suitable for staining because of its tendency to become blotchy.
Butternut is overshadowed by the highly popular black walnut, its closest relative. Yet this is a quality wood worthy of attention in its own right. Known also as white walnut, a term describing the creamy tan color of the wood, this is a relatively soft species with a hardness rating about half that of its cousin. Figuratively speaking, butternut cuts like butter for sawing, planing, and routing. Even though the wood is easy to cut, butternut's long fibers and softness require that blades be exceptionally sharp to prevent tearing and splintering, especially for turning.
A thin application of sanding sealer can help quite a lot when eliminating butternut "hair," which is composed of fibers that are difficult to sand. Carvers will find that the wood is easy to work and holds its shape, for excellent results. The open grain accepts glue, stains, and finishes well.
Adhesives deeply penetrate this ring-porous wood for strong bonds, and the texture and natural oils in butternut combine to create a rich lustrous appearance when it is stained or finished. A beautiful medium-grained and close-pored softwood, this cedar is actually a member of the "false cypresses. The lumber has working characteristics that are similar to pine, but it is somewhat harder and takes finishes without the same blotching tendencies.
It also releases a pungent fragrance during machining that may be objectionable to woodworkers with allergies to other cedars. The tree grows up to ' high along the Pacific coast in northern California and Oregon, and can reach a diameter as wide as a man is tall. Due to several factors, including a Japanese fungus that has attacked the trees of late, plus juniper scales and spruce mites, supplies of Port Orford white cedar are currently quite limited.
Making its home on the islands and coast of the Caribbean, Spanish cedar also is known as cedrela. This deciduous tree unlike other cedars, which are coniferous grows particularly well in areas of rich, well-drained soil. Cedrela can reach heights of ' or more, given the right conditions. For perhaps half of that height the trunk is straight and true, with diameters up to 6'.
It is somewhat resistant to decay and insect damage, and very resistant to the harmful effects of weather. The heartwood has a fragrant scent due to secreted oils, which appear as small pockets of sticky resin. This fragrance augments the natural flavor and aroma of fine cigars. The sapwood is pale pink or beige, while the heartwood warms to a pink or reddish brown when fresh.
At times it is remarkably similar in appearance to mahogany. As it ages, the color mutes to a dull reddish brown with hints of purple. When a cocobolo log is freshly cut, it reveals a rainbow of purples, reds, oranges, and yellows. The colors eventually mellow to a rich reddish orange, accented by waves of crimson and black, making cocobolo one of the greatest treasures in woodworking today.
The tree grows along Central America's Pacific seaboard, where it is harvested for both local use and export. Cocobolo is part of the rosewood family, but its unique colors set this wood apart from other family members. For a highly dense and hard wood, cocobolo is relatively easy to work with both hand and power tools. Care is required when handling the sawdust as, like many tropical woods, it contains toxins that can produce allergic reactions.
Dust masks should definitely be worn. The oiliness of the wood presents a gluing challenge, but using an epoxy or a polyurethane adhesive will improve your rate of success. Only reaching the lower levels of the rain forest canopy, ebony trees are relatively small. Yet specimens that yield black wood have given it a larger-than-life reputation.
Ebony comes from a variety of species growing in the tropics of India, Africa, Malaysia, and Indonesia. While the most valuable wood has the characteristic solid black color, much ebony lumber is brown, tan, red, or gray, often with stripes and bands creating variations in color.
Persimmon, a domestic wood sometimes called white ebony, is a member of the same family. Two characteristics of ebony are its extreme hardness and brittleness, which make the wood difficult to work with both power and hand tools. Cutting edges are likely to experience severe blunting, and chipping is a problem. Pre-boring for screws or nails is essential to avoid splitting. Because it is so dense, gluing generally calls for epoxy or polyurethane adhesives.
A favorite of western settlers for their wheel hubs and rims, this shock-resistant species has a wildly twisting and interlocking grain pattern. Elm resists splitting better than any other common domestic species, which makes it a poor choice for firewood. However, elm is an excellent choice when another wood member is being pounded into it, such as when back spindles are pounded into a Windsor chair seat made from elm a very popular choice for this application.
Dutch elm disease, a fungus carried by bark-boring beetles accidentally introduced from Europe, has ravaged nearly the entire range of elms in the United States.
Supplies of elm lumber and veneer are still widely available, but this disease will undoubtedly make elm much more scarce in the future. Andrew Jackson earned the nickname "Old Hickory" for his exceptional toughness as a general during the War of The name was quite fitting because hickory is one of the toughest and strongest woods among our domestic species.
It exceeds ash, oak, and maple in both strength and hardness and has more than twice the shock resistance of those species. Among domestic species, hickory can't be beaten for bending properties. Before the introduction of synthetic materials, hickory was commonly used for skis and toboggans. Today, craftsmen employ hickory when a design calls for bent pieces in chair backs. On the down side, hickory's hardness and density do create some workability problems. Cutting is a slow process and blades tend to dull quickly.
It is not a good turning wood because of its coarse and splintery texture. Shortly after reaching the Hawaiian islands in the late s, Portuguese sailors discovered koa, a wood with high resonance qualities that was perfect for making four-stringed ukuleles. In addition, its beautiful grain could be sanded to a glassy smoothness and finished to a lustrous sheen, making it a modern luthier's favorite, too.
The most highly figured wood comes from Hawaii's mountains, growing to about 70' with trunk diameters from 5' to 8'. Koa is an evergreen with yellow springtime flowers. The heartwood is golden brown with wavy streaks of red, orange, black, or yellow.
An interlocking grain is responsible for much of koa's dramatic figure often a fiddleback pattern , and contributes to the wood's high shock resistance and good bending characteristics. These qualities make koa a favorite for gunstocks. The Hawaiian name Koa-ka valiant soldier aptly describes this extremely decay-resistant wood.
Screwing or nailing into koa yields excellent results, with very little splitting or splintering. The term lacewood has long been applied to the quartersawn wood of American sycamore, London plane, and most specifically Australian silky oak the scientific name given above. The first two are related, while the third is not a true oak at all. Sycamore, also called buttonwood its seeds were used by early settlers as crude buttons , has held only a minor role in domestic woodworking, even though it grows over much of the eastern half of the United States.
A reputation for significant shrinkage and warping is one reason for its infrequent use, but this is only deserved by plain sawn sycamore. Quartersawn stock offers average to good stability.
Generally good working properties are typical with lacewood, Sanding Machine For Wood Stairs White but be sure to use very sharp cutting edges to minimize binding. To really highlight the figure, try finishing lacewood with a few coats of oil and then follow with a coat of wax. When ordering any of these species, make sure the wood has been quartersawn, or you won't be getting lacewood. The name Lyptus is a registered copyright of the Weyerhaeuser company, which developed this premium Brazilian plantation-grown hardwood.
The wood is a natural hybrid of two species of eucalyptus and exhibits many desirable woodshop characteristics, including exceptional workability and machining properties, sound density, good finish tolerance, and overall strength.
Lyptus is produced in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner, interspersed with indigenous trees to preserve natural habitat. It can be harvested in about 15 years, much sooner then other premium hardwoods grown in colder climates. Lyptus is reversing the loss of tropical forests as it is grown on previously barren land in a mosaic pattern interspersed with reintroduced indigenous trees to preserve native ecosystems and create biodiversity. According to legend, pirates of the high seas buried their treasures on Caribbean islands.
What they couldn't know was that another treasure lay hidden right before them, a small amount of beautifully figured wood hidden deep in the crotch of mahogany trees. Mahogany, although not the only tree that produces a desirable crotch grain pattern, offers some of the most spectacular results.
Nearly all harvested crotch wood is sliced into exceptionally thin veneer in order to stretch the rare material to its absolute limits. While each specimen is unique, names like plume, flame, feather, and rooster tail generally apply to this kind of grain pattern. Crotch veneer is cut perpendicular to the V created by the spreading branches in the log. Each slice has a wild grain pattern going in all directions, much like burl veneer does.
Of course, this usually means that no matter how you glue it to a core material, eventually the veneer will crack and split. When New World explorers landed on the shores of Central America in search of bounty for their homelands, they discovered an unexpected treasure. By the early s, shiploads of mahogany were being sent to the old countries, where it had caught the fancy of Europe's royalty and governing classes. Central American—grown mahogany, which consists of several species commonly referred to as Honduras mahogany, is still an excellent wood for today's woodworker to discover.
The grain, which can grow in a straight, interlocked, or irregular pattern, offers some attractive surprises. Mahogany is a friendly wood to use in the shop. It cuts, planes, and turns with ease and resists shrinking and warping. Turners also claim that mahogany holds its shape better than many species.
It is similar to cherry in weight and hardness, and its strength exceeds hard maple and oak. Also known as sweet, rock, and black maple, this durable and abundant species was a popular choice among woodworkers during colonial days. True to form, many of their projects can now be found in antique shops, little worse for the wear and featuring the rich patina of age.
Working with hard maple requires very sharp, well-tuned tools. Nothing beats a planed maple surface, and stain will take to it easily. When sanding maple, it is recommended to stop at grit. Any finer sanding will polish the wood to a point where it won't accept stain very well, especially oil stains. Water-based aniline dye stains are the most effective colorants for maple.
Hard maple parts may crack to relieve the stress of a tight joint. Due to the wood's hardness, it is all too easy to break a brass screw driven into a pilot hole. To reduce this, find a steel screw that matches the brass screw in size and thread count and drive it into the hole first after dragging it over a block of beeswax. After withdrawing the steel screw, safely drive the brass screw into the threaded hole. Soft maple trees grow faster than hard maples, making them easier to saw, shape, plane, and drill.
Generally, soft maple is about as hard and as light as cherry. One feature common to all maples is their low resistance to decay, making them appropriate for indoor use only.
The bluish-gray streaks commonly found on soft maple lumber called spalting occur when impurities enter the tree through wormholes or other injuries. The streaks don't affect the mechanical properties of the wood but do give it an unusual appearance. Curly figure also is common to soft maple and looks similar to that found on harder maples. Sometimes difficult to glue, it works well with resin adhesives like yellow and white glues, Resorcinol, and urea resin.
For an economical wood with a light color that is as easy to work as cherry, soft maple is an attractive alternative worth exploring. Having an open grain, red oak accepts stains well, although nowadays more people are using clear finishes to preserve its natural color.
Moving outdoors, however, where decay resistance is a concern, red oak is not a good choice. White oak is much better suited to facing the elements. To distinguish red oak from white, look for color, pore distribution, and the presence of tyloses, which is a bubblelike cell structure that fills the pores of white oak, giving it an ability to retain and keep out water.
A magnifying lens will reveal that the pores of red oak are empty. While looking for tyloses, one may also note that red oak has larger but fewer pores than white oak.
Of course, the most recognizable characteristic of red oak is its pinkish hue. For a fairly hard wood falling between sugar maple harder and walnut softer , red oak machines quite easily, and hand tool enthusiasts appreciate how well it planes.
Turners, however, report that red oak tends to tear on the lathe. It has excellent bonding properties, but its tannic acid content can cause unsightly black stains when iron clamps contact glue lines. Whenever the old song "Roll Out the Barrel" is heard, white oak should come to mind. In days of old, most of those barrels were made from this sturdy species.
That's because the pores of white oak are filled with tyloses, a substance that gives the wood watertight and water-resistance properties. The name refers to numerous species with similar characteristics, all of which are woods worth singing about, especially when considering their natural beauty and good working properties. Oak once had a reputation for dulling tools quickly, but modern power tools and machinery make it an easy wood to work today.
Generally speaking, white oak offers somewhat less dimensional stability than red oak, but it is a relatively minor problem for both. Quartersawn white oak offers more stability than plain sawn lumber, a factor that played a huge part in its selection by Gustav Stickley for his Arts and Crafts furniture.
However, quartersawn white oak is limited in availability and generally more expensive. Woodworkers have long looked to the tropics for exotic woods that add unique colors and textures to their work.
However, today's concerns about rain forest resources have sparked an interest in finding unusual temperate-climate woods. Osage orange, a novel species with a bright yellowish-orange heartwood, is one of the finest examples of an exotic domestic, one that may actually grow in your own backyard.
In the paint room, no paint robots or hydro-static sprayers are to be found, only experienced craftsmen, dedicated to giving their undivided attention to each guitar. Before color can be applied, the instrument goes through an extensive sealing and sanding processes.
Once sanding and sealing have been completed, the artisan manually shades the color coats to the desired degree. Only those with an extremely sharp eye coupled with a steady hand can master this job producing the unique qualities, depth of shading and coloring. Before the luxuriant layers of clear coat can be applied, the binding must be scraped with a knife edge to produce razor-sharp delineation between the binding and wood.
At this stage, each element of the shading or color coat is examined and minute detailing is performed to assure perfection. No machine could possibly be so critical and painstaking as the workers who lavish their efforts upon each guitar at this stage. Following many coats of sealer and color coats, numerous applications of a super high gloss finish are made.
Providing not only great visual appeal, this surface treatment protects the guitar from dings and scrapes; the unique chemistry of the material makes it both hard and flexible at the same time. Impact areas do not craze or radiate like polyester, nor does this material turn cloudy or finish-check in cool weather like nitrocellulose. Wet sanding is perhaps the most labor intensive investment made into any guitars produced today.
Between the various coats, and especially prior to buffing, the coated surface must be leveled to insure smoothness and abraded to accept the next process.
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