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Egypt:Syria, Jordan, and Iraq:combat aircraft 2, tanks mostly Soviet-made [7] Lebanon: 2 combat aircraft 1967 jet planes 10. Egypt: 10,—15, killed or missing [12] [13] 4, captured [14] Jordan: killed or missing [15] [16] [17] captured [14] Syria: 2, killed [18] [19] [20] captured Iraq: 10 killed 30 wounded Lebanon: 1 aircraft lost [8].
Relations between Israel and its neighbours were not normalised after the Arab—Israeli War. In Israel invaded the Sinai peninsula in Egypt, with one of its objectives being the reopening of the Straits 1967 Jet Planes Zip of Tiran that Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since Israel was eventually forced to withdraw, but was guaranteed that the Straits of Tiran would remain open.
In the months prior to Junetensions became dangerously heightened. Israel reiterated its post position that the closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping would be a cause for war a casus belli. The Egyptians 1967 jet planes 10 caught by surprise, and nearly the entire Egyptian Air Force was destroyed with few 1967 jet planes 10 losses, giving the Israelis air supremacy.
Simultaneously, the Israelis launched a ground offensive into the Gaza Strip and the Sinai, which again caught the Egyptians by surprise. After some initial resistance, Nasser ordered the evacuation of the Sinai.
Israeli forces rushed westward in pursuit of the Egyptians, inflicted heavy losses, and conquered the Sinai.
Jordan had entered into a defence pact with Egypt a week before the war began; the agreement envisaged that in the event of war Jordan would not take an offensive role but would attempt to tie down Israeli forces to prevent them making territorial gains.
Egypt and Jordan agreed to a ceasefire on 8 June, and Syria agreed on 9 June; a ceasefire was signed with Israel on 11 June. In the aftermath of the war, Israel had crippled the Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian militaries, having killed over 20, troops while 1967 jet planes 10 fewer than 1, of its own.
The Israeli success was the result of a well-prepared and enacted strategy, the poor leadership of the Arab states, and their poor military leadership and strategy.
Israel's international standing greatly improved in the following years. Its victory humiliated Egypt, Jordan and Syria, leading Nasser to resign in shame; he was later reinstated after protests in Egypt against his resignation. The speed and ease of Israel's 1967 jet planes 10 would later lead to a dangerous overconfidence within the ranks of the Israel Defense Forces IDFcontributing to initial Arab successes in the subsequent Yom Kippur Waralthough ultimately Israeli forces were successful and defeated the Arab militaries.
The displacement of civilian populations resulting from the war would have long-term consequences, astoPalestinians fled or were expelled from the West Bank [31] and 1967 jet planes 10fled from the Golan Heights. In early NovemberSyria signed a mutual defence agreement with Egypt.
President Lyndon Johnson commented: [54]. If a single act of folly was more responsible for this explosion than any other, it was the arbitrary and dangerous announced decision that the Straits of Tiran would be closed.
The right of innocent, maritime passage must be preserved for all nations. On 30 May, Jordan and Egypt 1967 jet planes 10 a defence pact. The following day, at Jordan's invitation, the Iraqi army began deploying troops and armoured units in Jordan. On 1 June, Israel formed a National Unity Government by widening its cabinet, and 1967 jet planes 10 4 June the decision was made to go to war. Before the war, Israeli pilots and ground crews had trained extensively in rapid refitting of aircraft returning from sortiesenabling a single aircraft to sortie up to four times a day as opposed to the norm in Arab air forces of one or two sorties per day.
This enabled the Israeli Air Force IAF to send several attack waves against Egyptian airfields on the first day of the war, overwhelming the Egyptian Air Force, and allowed it to knock out other Arab air forces on the same day. Pilots were 1967 jet planes 10 schooled about their targets, were forced to memorise every single detail, and rehearsed the operation multiple times on dummy runways in total secrecy.
The Egyptians had constructed fortified defences in the Sinai. These designs were based on the assumption that an attack would come along the few roads leading through the desert, rather than through the difficult desert terrain.
The Israelis chose not to risk attacking the Egyptian defences head-on, and instead surprised them from an unexpected direction. James Reston, writing in The New York Times on 23 Maynoted, "In discipline, training, morale, equipment and general competence his [Nasser's] army and the other Arab forces, without the direct assistance of the Soviet Union, are no match for the Israelis. Even with 50, troops and the best of his generals and air force in Yemen, he has not been able to work his way in that small and primitive 1967 jet planes 10, and even his effort to help the Congo rebels was a flop.
On the eve of the war, Israel believed it could win a war in 3—4 days. The United States estimated Israel would need 7—10 days to win, with British estimates supporting the U. The Israeli army had a total strength, including reservists, of , though this number could not be sustained during a long conflict, as the reservists were vital to 1967 Jet Planes Quest civilian life. Against Jordan's forces on the West BankIsrael deployed about 40, troops and tanks eight brigades.
The first two were permanently stationed near Jerusalem and were the Jerusalem Brigade and the mechanized Harel Brigade. Mordechai 1967 jet planes 10 's 55th Paratroopers Brigade was summoned from the Sinai front. The 10th Armored Brigade was stationed north of the West Bank. On the eve of the war, Egypt massed approximatelyof itstroops in the Sinai, including all seven of its divisions four infantry, two armoured and one mechanizedfour independent infantry brigades and four independent armoured brigades.
Over a third of these soldiers were veterans of Egypt's continuing intervention into the North Yemen Civil War and another third were reservists. These forces had tanks, 1, APCs, and more than 1, artillery pieces. Syria's army had a total strength of 75, and was deployed along the border with Israel. Lesch wrote that "One would be hard-pressed to find a military less prepared for war with a clearly 1967 jet planes 10 foe", since Syria's army had been decimated in the months and years prior through coups and attempted coups that had resulted in 1967 jet planes 10 series of purges, fracturings 1967 jet planes 10 uprisings within the armed forces.
The Jordanian Armed Forces included 11 brigades, totalling 55, troops. They possessed sizable numbers of M APCs and were equipped with some modern Western tanks, of which were U. M48 Pattons. They also had 12 battalions of artillery, six batteries of 81 mm and mm mortars, [65] a paratrooper battalion trained in the new U.
The Jordanian Army was a long-term-service, professional army, relatively well-equipped and well-trained. Israeli post-war briefings said that the Jordanian staff acted professionally, but was always left "half a step" behind by the Israeli moves.
The Arab air forces were reinforced by some aircraft from Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia to make up for the massive losses suffered on the first day of the war. They were also aided by volunteer pilots from the Pakistan Air Force acting in an independent capacity.
PAF pilots 1967 jet planes 10 down several Israeli planes. With the exception of Jordan, the Arabs relied principally on Soviet weaponry. Jordan's army was equipped with American weaponry, and its air force was composed 1967 jet planes 10 British aircraft. Egypt had by far the largest and the most modern of all the Arab air forces, consisting of about combat aircraft, [69] all of them Soviet-built and with a heavy quota of top-of-the-line MiGs.
Of particular concern to the Israelis were the 30 Tu "Badger" medium bomberscapable of inflicting heavy damage on Israeli military and civilian centers. Israeli weapons were mainly of Western origin. Its air force was composed principally of French aircraft, while its armoured units were mostly of British and American design and manufacture. Some light infantry weapons, including the ubiquitous Uziwere of Israeli origin.
The first and most critical move of the conflict was a surprise Israeli attack on the Egyptian Air Force. Initially, both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country. All but 12 of its nearly operational jets [74] launched a mass attack against Egypt's airfields.
Most of the Israeli warplanes headed out over the Mediterranean Seaflying low to avoid radar detection, before turning toward Egypt. Others flew over the Red Sea. Meanwhile, the Egyptians hindered their own defence by effectively shutting down their entire air defence system: they were worried that rebel Egyptian forces would shoot down the plane carrying Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer and Lt-Gen. Sidqi Mahmoud, who were en route from al Maza to Bir Tamada in the 1967 jet planes 10 to meet the commanders of the troops stationed there.
In any event, it did not make a great deal of difference as the Israeli pilots came in below Egyptian radar cover and well below the lowest point at which its SA-2 surface-to-air missile batteries could bring down an aircraft. Although the powerful Jordanian radar facility at Ajloun detected waves of aircraft approaching Egypt and reported the code word for "war" up 1967 jet planes 10 Egyptian command chain, Egyptian command and communications problems prevented the warning from reaching the targeted airfields.
The runway at the Arish airfield was spared, as the Israelis expected to turn it into 1967 jet planes 10 military airport for their transports after the war. Surviving aircraft were taken out by later attack waves. The operation was more successful than expected, catching the Egyptians by surprise and destroying virtually all of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground, with few Israeli losses.
Only four unarmed Egyptian training flights were in the air when the strike began. Among the Egyptian planes lost were all 30 Tu bombers, 27 out of 40 Il bombers, 12 Su-7 fighter-bombers, over 90 MiGs20 MiGs25 MiG fighters, and around 32 assorted transport planes and helicopters. In addition, Egyptian radars and SAM missiles were also attacked and destroyed. The 1967 jet planes 10 lost 19 planes, including two destroyed in air-to-air combat and 13 downed by anti-aircraft artillery.
The attack guaranteed Israeli air supremacy for the rest of the war. Attacks on other Arab air forces by Israel took place later in the day as hostilities broke out on other fronts. The large numbers of Arab aircraft claimed destroyed by Israel on that day were at first regarded as "greatly exaggerated" by the Western press. However, the fact that the Egyptian Air Force, along 1967 jet planes 10 other Arab air forces attacked by Israel, made practically no appearance for the remaining days of the conflict proved that the numbers were most likely authentic.
Throughout the war, Israeli aircraft continued strafing Arab airfield runways to prevent their return to usability. Meanwhile, Egyptian 1967 jet planes 10 radio had reported an Egyptian victory, falsely claiming that 70 Israeli planes had been downed on the first day of fighting. The Egyptian forces consisted 1967 jet planes 10 seven divisions : four armouredtwo infantryand one mechanized infantry. Overall, Egypt had aroundtroops and — tanks in the Sinai, backed by 1, APCs and 1, artillery pieces.
Israeli forces concentrated on the border with Egypt included six armoured brigadesone infantry 1967 jet planes 10, one mechanized infantry brigade, three paratrooper brigades, giving a total of around 70, men and tanks, who were organized in three armoured divisions.
They had massed on 1967 jet planes 10 border the night before the war, camouflaging themselves and observing radio silence before being ordered to advance. The Israeli plan was to surprise the Egyptian forces in both timing the attack exactly coinciding with the IAF strike on Egyptian airfieldslocation attacking via northern and central Sinai routes, as opposed to the Egyptian expectations of a repeat of the war, when the IDF attacked via the central and southern routes and method using a combined-force flanking approach, rather than direct tank assaults.
On 5 June, at am, the northernmost Israeli division, consisting of three brigades and commanded by Major General Israel Talone of Israel's most prominent armour commanders, crossed the border at two points, opposite Nahal Oz and south of Khan Yunis. They advanced swiftly, holding fire to prolong the element of surprise.
Tal's forces assaulted the "Rafah Gap", a seven-mile stretch containing the shortest of three main 1967 jet planes 10 through the Sinai towards El-Qantarah el-Sharqiyya and the Suez Canal. The Egyptians had four divisions in the area, backed by minefields, pillboxes, underground bunkers, hidden gun emplacements and trenches. The terrain on either side of the route was impassable. The Israeli plan was to hit the Egyptians at selected key points with concentrated armour.
The Israeli plan called for the 7th Brigade to outflank Khan Yunis from the north and the 60th Armored Brigade under Colonel Menachem Aviram would advance from the south. The two brigades would link up and surround Khan Yunis, while the paratroopers would take Rafah. Gonen entrusted the breakthrough to a single battalion of his brigade. Initially, the advance was met with light resistance, as Egyptian intelligence had concluded that it was a diversion for the main attack.
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