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The warfare and ensuing social disruption -- along with the spread of infectious European diseases like measles and smallpox , epidemics for which they had no immunity -- contributed to the decimation of Native American populations in the interior.

Historic locations [3]. When French missionaries first encountered the Miami in the midth century, generating the first written historical record of the tribe, the indigenous people were living around the western shores of Lake Michigan. According to Miami oral tradition, they had moved there a few generations earlier from the region that is now northern Indiana, southern Michigan and northwestern Ohio to escape pressure from Iroquois war parties seeking to monopolize control over furs in the Ohio Valley.

Early French explorers noticed many linguistic and cultural similarities between the Miami bands and the Illiniwek , a loose confederacy of Algonquian-speaking peoples. The term "Miami" has imprecise meaning to historians. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term "Miami" generally referred to all of these bands as one grand tribe. Over the course of the 19th century, "Miami" came to specifically refer to the Atchakangoen Crane band.

Around the beginning of the 18th Century, with support from French traders coming down from what is now Canada, and who supplied them with firearms and wanted to trade with them for furs, the Miami pushed back into their historical territory and resettled it. At this time, the major bands of the Miami were:. Joseph River , and, in , establishing a trading post and fort at Kekionga , present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana , the de facto Miami capital which controlled an important land portage linking the Maumee River which flowed into Lake Erie and offered a water path to Quebec to the Wabash River which flowed into the Ohio River and offered a water path to the Mississippi Valley.

By the 18th century, the Miami had for the most part returned to their homeland in present-day Indiana and Ohio. Shifting alliances and the gradual encroachment of European-American settlement led to some Miami bands, including the Piankeshaw , and Wea , effectively merging into what was sometimes called the Miami Confederacy.

Native Americans created larger tribal confederacies led by Chief Little Turtle ; their alliances were for waging war against Europeans and to fight advancing white settlement, and the broader Miami itself became a subset of the so-called Western Confederacy during the Northwest Indian War. The US government later included the Miami with the Illini for administrative purposes.

The Eel River band maintained a somewhat separate status, which proved beneficial in the removals of the 19th century. The Miami nation's traditional capital was Kekionga. French years [4] [5]. British years [4] [5]. The Miami had mixed relations with the United States. Some villages of the Piankeshaw openly supported the American rebel colonists during the American Revolution , while the villages around Ouiatenon were openly hostile.

White pioneers pushed into the Ohio Valley, leading to disputes over whether they had a legal right to carve out homesteads and settlements on land the tribes considered unceded territory. The Miami invited tribes displaced by white settlers, the Delaware Lenape and Shawnee to resettle at Kekionga, forming the nucleus of the pan-tribal Western Confederacy. War parties attacked white settlers, seeking to drive them out, and whites -- including Kentucky militia members -- carried out sometimes indiscriminate reprisal attacks on Native American villages.

The resulting conflict became known as the Northwest Indian War. Seeking to bring an end to the rising violence by forcing the tribes to sign treaties ceding land for white settlement, the George Washington administration ordered an attack on Kekionga in ; American forces destroyed it but were then repulsed by LIttle Turtle's warriors.

In , the Washington administration a second expedition to attack Kekionga with further orders to build a fort there to permanently occupy the region, but the Western Confederacy attacked its camp en route and destroyed it; the battle, known as St.

In it, confederacy leaders like Little Turtle agreed to cede most of what is now Ohio, along with other tracts to the west including what is now central Detroit, Chicago, and Fort Wayne, in exchange for annual payments. Territorial governor William Henry Harrison and his forces destroyed Prophetstown in , and in the War of -- which included a tribal siege of Fort Wayne -- attacked Miami villages throughout the Indiana Territory. Although Wayne had promised in the Treaty of Greenville negotiations that the remaining unceded territory would remain tribal land -- the origin of the name "Indiana" -- forever, that is not what happened.

White traders came to Fort Wayne, which the government used to hand out the annual treaty payments to the Miami and other tribes, to sell them alcohol and manufactured goods.

Between annuity days, the traders sold them such things on credit, and the tribes repeatedly ran up more debts than the existing payments could cover. Harrison and his successors pursued a policy of leveraging these debts to induce tribal leaders to sign new treaties ceding large swaths of collectively-held reservation land and then to agree to the tribe's removal. As incentives to induce tribal leaders to sign such treaties, the government gave them individual deeds and other personal perks, like building one chief a mansion.

In , the government forced the tribe's rank-and-file to leave, but several major families who had acquired private property to live on through this practice were exempted and permitted to stay in Indiana, creating a bitter schism. Those who affiliated with the tribe were moved to first to Kansas , then to Oklahoma , where they were given individual allotments of land rather than a reservation as part of efforts to make them assimilate into American culture of private property and yeoman farming.

In the 20th Century, the Indiana-based Miami unsuccessfully sought separate federal recognition. Although they had been recognized by the US in an treaty, that recognition was stripped in In , the Indiana legislature recognized the Eastern Miami as a matter of state law and voted to support federal recognition, [5] : but in , a federal judge ruled that the statute of limitations on appealing their status had expired.

Today the Oklahoma-based Miami tribe has about 5, enrolled members. United States years [4] [5]. A number of places have been named for the Miami nation. However, Miami, Florida is not named for this tribe, but for the Miami River in Florida, which is in turn named after Used Woodworking Tools For Sale In Ontario Tracking the Mayaimi people.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the Native American Quilt Wood Tools Inc tribe originating in the Great Lakes region. For the tribe in Florida, see Mayaimi. This article is about the tribe as a whole. For the relocated branch, see Miami Tribe of Oklahoma.

For notable people from the city of Miami, see List of people from Miami. For the singular, see Miami disambiguation. For other uses, see Miamis disambiguation. Native American nation originally found in what is now Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio.

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