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joint-stock-company-meaning-in-urdu One solution, followed by joimt in the case of the Australian and UK tax systems, is for the recipient of the dividend to be entitled to a tax credit to address the fact that the profits represented by the dividend have already been taxed. Business joijt rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Tag-along right Drag-along right Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires. All states have some kind of "general corporation law" California, Delaware, Kansas, Nevada and Ohio actually ursu that exact name which authorizes the formation of private corporations without having to obtain a charter for each one from the state legislature as was formerly the case in the 19th century. As a result of the rapid expansion of capital-intensive enterprises in the course of the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, many businesses came to be operated as unincorporated associations or extended partnershipswith large numbers of members. Categories : Legal entities Types of meanihg entity. Unlike a partnership or sole proprietorshipshareholders of a modern joint stock company meaning in urdu corporation have "limited" liability for the corporation's debts and obligations.

That is, a modern corporation is a joint-stock company that has been incorporated in order to limit shareholder liability. Each country has its own laws regarding a joint-stock company. These generally include a process to limit liability. There are records of joint-stock companies being formed in Europe as early as the 13th century.

However, they appear to have multiplied beginning in the 16th century, when adventurous investors began speculating about opportunities to be found in the New World. European exploration of the Americas was largely financed by joint-stock companies. Governments were eager for new territory but were reluctant to take on the enormous costs and risks associated with these ventures.

That led entrepreneurs to devise a business plan. They would sell shares in their ventures to many investors in order to raise money to fund voyages to the New World. The potential for resources to be exploited and trade to be developed was the attraction for many investors.

Others wanted to literally stake a claim in the New World and establish new communities that would be free of religious persecution. In American history, the Virginia Company of London is one of the earliest and most famous joint-stock companies. In , King James I signed a royal charter permitting the company exclusive rights to establish a colony in what is now Virginia.

The Virginia Company's business plan was ambitious, ranging from exploiting the region's gold resources there weren't any to finding a navigable route to China they didn't.

After many hardships, the company successfully established the Jamestown colony in Virginia and began to grow and export tobacco. However, in , an English court ordered the company to dissolve and converted Virginia into a royal colony.

The investors in the Virginia Company never saw a profit. Corporate Insurance. Business Essentials. Your Money. Personal Finance. Your Practice. Popular Courses. Investing Investing Essentials. What Is a Joint-Stock Company? Key Takeaways A joint-stock company is a business owned collectively by its shareholders. Historically, a joint-stock company was not incorporated and thus its shareholders could bear unlimited liability for debts owed by the company. In the U.

In Spain there are two types of companies with limited liability: i "S. Due to specifics of the Soviet economy, all enterprises in the Soviet republic as the rest of the Soviet Union were state owned and private entrepreneurship was strictly prohibited and criminally prosecuted. Following the Gorbachev initiated broad spectrum reforms perestroika , there was introduced a term of khozraschet and permission for organization of public economic entities called cooperatives.

Following dissolution of the Soviet Union , Ukraine's economy along with the rest former Soviet republics was further reformed to more liberal. Along with private entrepreneurship, many state owned companies were privatized, primarily by the former party's apparatchiks which gave a rise of another term "Red directors". Many companies started to be sold at open market and commercialized. Those companies were transformed in joint-stock companies by selling their shares for mutual cooperation and investment.

As in the rest former Soviet republics predominantly Russia in Ukraine were created following commercial companies:. Most companies are regulated by the Companies Act The most common type of company is the private limited company "Limited" or "Ltd". Private limited companies can either be limited by shares or by guarantee. Other corporate forms include the public limited company "plc" and the private unlimited company.

Some corporations, both public and private sector, are formed by Royal Charter or Act of Parliament. A special type of corporation is a corporation sole , which is an office held by an individual natural person the incumbent , but which has a continuing legal entity separate from that person.

Several types of conventional corporations exist in the United States. Generically, any business entity that Hardwood Products Company Stock Discussion is recognized as distinct from the people who own it i. A corporation was defined in the Dartmouth College case of , in which Chief Justice Marshall of the United States Supreme Court stated that " A corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law".

A corporation is a legal entity, distinct and separate from the individuals who create and operate it. As a legal entity the corporation can acquire, own, and dispose of property in its own name like buildings, land and equipment. It can also incur liabilities and enter into contracts like franchising and leasing. American corporations can be either profit-making companies or non-profit entities.

Tax-exempt non-profit corporations are often called " c 3 corporation", after the section of the Internal Revenue Code that addresses the tax exemption for many of them. In some states, such as Colorado, a corporation may represent itself pro se in courts of law in some situations [27]. The federal government can only create corporate entities pursuant to relevant powers in the U. Thus, virtually all corporations in the U. A major exception to the federal non-participation in the incorporation of private businesses is in banking ; under the National Bank Act , banks may receive charters from the federal government as " national banks ", subjecting them to the regulation of the federal Office of the Comptroller of the Currency rather than state banking regulators.

All states have some kind of "general corporation law" California, Delaware, Kansas, Nevada and Ohio actually use that exact name which authorizes the formation of private corporations without having to obtain a charter for each one from the state legislature as was formerly the case in the 19th century. Many states have separate, self-contained laws authorizing the formation and operation of certain specific types of corporations that are wholly independent of the state general corporation law.

For example, in California, nonprofit corporations are incorporated under the Nonprofit Corporation Law, and in Illinois, insurers are incorporated under the Illinois Insurance Code. Corporations are created by filing the requisite documents with a particular state government. Only certain corporations, including banks, are chartered.

Others simply file their articles of incorporation with the state government as part of a registration process. Once incorporated, a corporation has artificial personhood everywhere it may operate, until such time as the corporation may be dissolved. A corporation that operates in one state while being incorporated in another is a "foreign corporation". This label also applies to corporations incorporated outside of the United States.

Foreign corporations must usually register with the secretary of state's office in each state to lawfully conduct business in that state. A corporation is legally a citizen of the state or other jurisdiction in which it is incorporated except when circumstances direct the corporation be classified as a citizen of the state in which it has its head office, or the state in which it does the majority of its business.

Corporate business law differs dramatically from state to state. Many prospective corporations choose to incorporate in a state whose laws are most favorable to its business interests. Many large corporations are incorporated in Delaware , for example, without being physically located there because that state has very favorable corporate tax and disclosure laws. Companies set up for privacy or asset protection often incorporate in Nevada , which does not require disclosure of share ownership.

Many states, particularly smaller ones, have modeled their corporate statutes after the Model Business Corporation Act , one of many model sets of law prepared and published by the American Bar Association.

As juristic persons , corporations have certain rights that attach to natural persons. The vast majority of them attach to corporations under state law, especially the law of the state in which the company is incorporated — since the corporations very existence is predicated on the laws of that state.

A few rights also attach by federal constitutional and statutory law, but they are few and far between compared to the rights of natural persons. For example, a corporation has the personal right to bring a lawsuit as well as the capacity to be sued and, like a natural person, a corporation can be libeled. Harvard College , an undergraduate school of Harvard University , formally the President and Fellows of Harvard College also known as the Harvard Corporation , is the oldest corporation in the western hemisphere.

Founded in , the second of Harvard's two governing boards was incorporated by the Great and General Court of Massachusetts in Significantly, Massachusetts itself was a corporate colony at that time — owned and operated by the Massachusetts Bay Company until it lost its charter in - so Harvard College is a corporation created by a corporation. Many nations have modeled their own corporate laws on American business law.

In addition to typical corporations in the United States, the federal government, in passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ANCSA , which authorized the creation of 12 regional native corporations for Alaska Natives and over village corporations that were entitled to a settlement of land and cash. In addition to the 12 regional corporations, the legislation permitted a 13th regional corporation without a land settlement for those Alaska Natives living out of the State of Alaska at the time of passage of ANCSA.

Almost every recognized type of organization carries out some economic activities for example, the family. Other organizations that may carry out activities that are generally considered to be business exist under the laws of various countries:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Business entity which is owned by shareholders. It has been suggested that Aktiengesellschaft be merged into this article. Discuss Proposed since February By jurisdiction.

General corporate forms. Corporate forms by jurisdiction. Naamloze vennootschap N. Business judgment rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Tag-along right Drag-along right Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires.

Related areas. Civil procedure Contract Corporate registers. Management accounting Financial accounting Financial audit. Business entities.

Corporate group Conglomerate company Holding company Cooperative Corporation Joint-stock company Limited liability company Partnership Privately held company Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise.

Corporate governance. Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advisory board Audit committee. Corporate law. Commercial law Constitutional documents Contract Corporate crime Corporate liability Insolvency law International trade law Mergers and acquisitions.

Corporate title. Commodity Public economics Labour economics Development economics International economics Mixed economy Planned economy Econometrics Environmental economics Open economy Market economy Knowledge economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics Economic development Economic statistics.

Types of management. Business analysis Business ethics Business plan Business judgment rule Consumer behaviour Business operations International business Business model International trade Business process Business statistics.

Main article: Corporate law. Main article: Corporate tax. Main article: Corporations Act Main article: Canadian corporation. Main article: Aktiengesellschaft. Main article: S. Main article: United Kingdom company law.

See also: United States corporate law and Delaware corporation. Main article: Types of business entity. Companies portal. The Law of Private Companies 2nd ed. ISBN West's Encyclopedia of American Law.

Retrieved 4 May Columbia University Press. Mark Palgrave Macmillan, , pp. Retrieved 1 November Lopez, Robert S. Robert Sabatino , Irving Woodworth , New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC The New York Times. ISSN Retrieved Archived from the original PDF on December The Journal of Political Economy.

The University of Chicago Press. JSTOR Padgett, Walter W. The Emergence of Organizations and Markets. Princeton University Press, Oct 14, ISBN , p. The Mariner's Mirror. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Retrieved February 19, This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Davis, J. Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations vols.

Ekelund, R. Bell Journal of Economics. Fisher, F. Economic History Review. Blackwell Publishing. Freedman, C.

Hunt, B. The Development of the Business Corporation in England, — Lobban, M.

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