Jet Planes Normally Fly In The Lower Part Of The Intern,Top 10 Wood Projects To Sell National,Where To Buy Cabinet Hinges,Making Wooden Wine Boxes Github - Step 2
Above it, however, is the stratosphere, followed by the stratopause and then the mesosphere. Commercial jets can certainly fly above or below the troposphere, but this layer of the atmosphere offers ideal flying conditions for several reasons.
First, the troposphere produces minimal drag or resistance for commercial jets. If commercial jets flew below the troposphere, they would burn more fuel due to the increased drag at lower altitudes.
In the troposphere, however, the air is thinner, thereby making commercial flights more fuel efficient. The mixture of air and fuel catches fire.
This provides a high temperature, high-energy airflow. The fuel burns with the oxygen in the compressed air, producing hot expanding gases. The inside of the combustor is often made of ceramic materials to provide a heat-resistant chamber.
Turbine - The high-energy airflow coming out of the combustor goes into the turbine, causing the turbine blades to rotate.
The turbines are linked by a shaft to turn the blades in the compressor and to spin the intake fan at the front. This rotation takes some energy from the high-energy flow that is used to drive the fan and the compressor.
The gases produced in the combustion chamber move through the turbine and spin its blades. The turbines of the jet spin around thousands of times. They are fixed on shafts which have several sets of ball-bearing in between them. Nozzle - The nozzle is the exhaust duct of the engine. This is the engine part which actually produces the thrust for the plane. The energy depleted airflow that passed the turbine, in addition to the colder air that bypassed the engine core, produces a force when exiting the nozzle that acts to propel the engine, and therefore the airplane, forward.
The combination of the hot air and cold air are expelled and produce an exhaust, which causes a forward thrust. The nozzle may be preceded by a mixer , which combines the high temperature air coming from the engine core with the lower temperature air that was bypassed in the fan. The mixer helps to make the engine quieter. Sir Isaac Newton in the 18th century was the first to theorize that a rearward-channeled explosion could propel a machine forward at a great rate of speed.
This theory was based on his third law of motion. As the hot air blasts backwards through the nozzle the plane moves forward. Henri Giffard built an airship which was powered by the first aircraft engine, a three-horse power steam engine.
It was very heavy, too heavy to fly. In , Felix de Temple , built a monoplane that flew just a short hop down a hill with the help of a coal fired steam engine. Otto Daimler , in the late 's invented the first gasoline engine. In , American Hiram Maxim tried to power his triple biplane with two coal fired steam engines.
It only flew for a few seconds. The early steam engines were powered by heated coal and were generally much too heavy for flight. American Samuel Langley made a model airplanes that were powered by steam engines. In , he was successful in flying an unmanned airplane with a steam-powered engine, called the Aerodrome.
It flew about 1 mile before it ran out of steam. He then tried to build a full sized plane, the Aerodrome A, with a gas powered engine. In , it crashed immediately after being launched from a house boat.
In , the Wright Brothers flew, The Flyer , with a 12 horse power gas powered engine. From , the year of the Wright Brothers first flight, to the late s the gas powered reciprocating internal-combustion engine with a propeller was the sole means used to propel aircraft. It was Frank Whittle , a British pilot, who designed and patented the first turbo jet engine in The Whittle engine first flew successfully in May, This engine featured a multistage compressor, and a combustion chamber, a single stage turbine and a nozzle.
At the same time that Whittle was working in England, Hans von Ohain was working on a similar design in Germany. The first airplane to successfully use a gas turbine engine was the German Heinkel He , in August, It was the world's first turbojet powered flight. It was the XPA experimental aircraft that first flew in October, The basic idea of the turbojet engine is simple.
Air taken in from an opening in the front of the engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its original pressure in compressor. The resulting hot air is passed through a turbine, which drives the compressor.
If the turbine and compressor are efficient, the pressure at the turbine discharge will be nearly twice the atmospheric pressure, and this excess pressure is sent to the nozzle to produce a high-velocity stream of gas which produces a thrust.
Pilots also refrain from flying these types of planes at greater heights because of potential health risks like hypoxia, which is when tissues do not receive enough oxygen, according to the National Institutes of Health.
That lack of oxygen can occur at higher altitudes due to a decrease in oxygen pressure, according to the FAA. As the plane ascends, the level of oxygen decreases, which can cause rapid decompression for an aircraft that is not pressurized in the same way as a commercial airplane.
What about helicopters? Choppers are mainly designed to fly short distances and typically fly much lower than airplanes, normally at under 10, feet. They are also unable to ascend to the same height an airplane can because instead of wings, helicopters fly by rotating blades. Birds are most likely to obstruct planes at lower altitudes, and can present problems during takeoff and landing.
The extreme case of that would be the U. But when planes are at cruising altitude, experts say birds are no longer a threat. So once the seatbelt signs goes off, you can relax and enjoy the flight. Contact us at letters time. By Celine Hacobian. Get our Health Newsletter. Sign up to receive the latest health and science news, plus answers to wellness questions and expert tips.
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