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People have been travelling for pleasure since ancient times. In ancient Egypt , religious festivals attracted people from the whole Nile Valley. Ancient Greeks travelled regularly to the site of their gods.
Romans travelled to Greece, Sicily and other places in the empire. Wealthy Romans had second homes near the sea where they spent the summer. During the Renaissance educated Europeans embarked on what was called the Grand Tour , a trip to several European countries to enjoy art and architecture and get educated.
In the 19th century the invention of the steam engine made it possible for people to travel by boat and train. Regular passenger services from Europe to America started in the 20th century. The invention of the automobile made it possible to travel larger distances by car. In the s going on holidays by plane became affordable for many. Jumbo jets of the early s were capable of carrying over passengers and reducing costs of travelling to other continents even further.
Tourism is a worldwide industry. In many countries it is the most important largest source of income. The tourist industry provides jobs and brings a country foreign currencies. Having a larger wingspan The jet boasts high levels of fuel efficiency thanks to its full authority digital engine control system FADEC , which automatically sets the fuel mixture and ignition to give the best performance in a range of scenarios.
This smart control system calculates the RPM and throttle position to determine the amount of the air entering the engine and sets the timing for injection, optimizing engine performance in varying conditions. Two Rolls-Royce AEC2 turbofan engines remain at the heart of the plane, featuring advanced fan-blade technology and enhanced thrust compared to its predecessors.
The fuel-efficient engines allow the plane to reach a maximum range of This enables it to accelerate and cruise at impressive speeds using the high thrust of its engines. Garmin synthetic vision technology allows the pilot to assess terrain when windscreen visibility is compromised due to darkness or weather conditions [70], enhancing situational awareness with 3D terrain features [71] for an in-depth perspective view.
When flying in darkness, low light or cloudy conditions, pilots rely on the instruments in the cockpit to navigate the plane. Additional features include a terrain awareness warning system, traffic collision avoidance system and emergency locator transmitter. Onboard entertainment systems, copious legroom and cabin stand-up headroom, an all-glass cockpit and ultra-high-speed internet enhance the flying experience for both passengers and crew; while real-time communication facilities allow passengers to make calls, send emails and follow meetings while cruising at speeds of Mach 0.
A sweptback wing boosts aerodynamic performance by minimizing the formation of shockwaves and giving better stability at high speed; while the large wingspan gives a better rate of climb, improved performance at high altitude and the ability to land on short runways.
The nose and all-glass, ultra-large cabin give a desirable angle of attack during landing. Offering more thrust than the previous generations, the custom-made engines combined with auto-throttle management are maximized for high performance.
Modern technology enhances control and convenience during flight. The G uses a fly-by-wire computerized flight control system, which can run both on autopilot and in the presence of the pilot; while the enhanced vision system EVS includes a mounted infrared camera that gives the pilot a better view of the surrounding terrain at night and in poor light conditions.
An Apple iOS or Google Android smartphone can be used to adjust onboard lighting, entertainment options, window shades and temperature controls, as well as track the progress of the flight.
The jet features a sweptback wing with supercritical aerofoil and high-performance winglets that boost aerodynamic performance on a hot day and at high altitudes; plus a highly sweptback T-tail. An electronic flight bag cockpit iPad gives the crew easy access to terminal charts, approaches, arrivals, departures and company manuals.
The aircraft boasts a wide cabin layout, allowing for a wider range of configurations and giving passengers more space. Designed for incessant connectivity, onboard Wi-Fi allows passengers to communicate with the outside world in real-time as though they were working in a normal office.
It also features double-slotted Fowler flaps and leading-edge slats that improve the overall aerodynamics of the jet. A tri-jet engine configuration ensures the aircraft travels faster and further, using PWA turbofan engines for greater efficiency and thrust.
The flight deck is equipped with a Falcon EASyII system with HUD for pilot convenience [79]; while the digitalized flight control improves handling for a smoother flight. Rolls-Royce BR A engines are modified from the BR engines used in the earlier G [80]; while an auto-throttle system optimizes performance in any given conditions.
The aircraft features a range of technology, including on-board computers for automatic monitoring and minute-by-minute adjustments plus an enhanced vision system to make it easier to fly at night and land when visibility is poor [81]. The Bombardier Global is made using lightweight carbon fibre materials to improve fuel efficiency; while its wing and fuselage design contribute to remarkable overall aerodynamic performance.
The jet has a swept-wing design with supercritical aerofoil, while winglets and a swept-back T-tail enhance aerodynamic stability at high speeds. Onboard technology includes a HUD, giving the pilot easy access to [82] data ; a multi-function touch-screen display; and a maintenance and diagnostic system to promptly isolate and correct issues in the flight deck [83].
Three flight management systems — an inertial reference system, an Artex emergency locator transmitter and a traffic avoidance warning system — help the crew to plan approaches, landings, arrivals and departures.
The cabin features a global office with local area network LAN , high-speed internet connection and an Airshow SX entertainment system with moving map and flight information display [84]. Passengers can customize the atmosphere in the cabin to their desired comfort levels. The Gulfstream G features a sweptback T-tail and lightweight wings with winglets, ailerons, spoilers and flaps that improve speed stability during flight.
The wing is attached to the underbelly of the fuselage, preventing cabin squeezing and giving passengers more room to stand. The ultra-large, all-glass cockpit features an electrically-heated windshield for resistance to bird hit and a PlaneView display system, which covers the entire instrument panel giving pilots a good viewing area and provides full performance data analysis.
HUD technology allows pilots to stay focused on the sky, while an enhanced vision system improves visibility in poor weather conditions or during night-time flights [86]. Gulfstream-designed cursor control devices give pilots an enhanced command of essential flight data, allowing them to see airways, radar data, navigational aids and airports through a select-and-scroll system.
Additional technological improvements from previous Gulfstream models include a synthetic vision option in the primary flight display, which offers pilots 3D graphics of the Jet Plane Is Travelling Towards West Video surrounding terrain to enhance their awareness even when flying in zero-visibility conditions.
The cabin features Wi-Fi, satellite communication and phone, fax and printer facilities, making the jet feel like a flying office and allowing business executives to stay connected while en route to their next meeting.
The Dassault Falcon LX is a wide body, high-performance business jet with cabin space for eight passengers. Incorporating composite materials and metal alloys, the jet features a double-swept wing to optimize performance plus horizontal stabilizers and a nose cone made from glass composites, Kevlar and aluminum. Multiple load paths and low stress levels ensure stress is transferred to alternative paths if the primary load path fails. A quarter-chord wing sweep gives an aspect ratio of 7.
The aircraft features extensive technology, especially in the flight deck where a Honeywell Primus Epic flight management system improves navigation by allowing the pilot to identify difficult terrain and redirect flight paths. Auto-throttle systems allow the pilot easy access to optimize engine performance and the flight display system boasts four LCD screens: two with cursor control devices and two with keyboards [89]. Precautionary systems include an integrated electronic standby indicator, rechargeable flashlights and a standby magnetic compass.
The Dassault Falcon LX is powered by three TFE engines in tri-jet configuration, with each engine giving a thrust of about 5,lbs, with an auto-throttle system optimizing performance in different conditions. Compared to the Falcon LX, this jet has more cabin space and a greater capacity.
The ultra-large cockpit is surrounded by glass and can be defogged from the inside. Two LCD screens use cursor control devices, enabling the pilot to effortlessly execute commands and focus on flying the jet; while synthetic vision gives a 3D, color-coded image of the surrounding environment to improve situational awareness [91].
Its wing design is very similar to that of the other Citation models, located in the underbelly with a highly swept-back T-tail. Innovative onboard technologies include an automatic ice detection system that alerts crew-members when ice forms inside or outside the cabin. The flight deck features brake-by-wire and fly-by-wire rudders and spoilers, along with two autonomous hydraulic systems that ensure redundancy.
The fastest private jets of the future will fly at either supersonic or hypersonic speeds, in response to a growing demand to fly faster and more conveniently. The NASA X-plane, which can reach a top speed of over Mach 1, continues to inspire private jet manufacturers to explore supersonic and hypersonic flight in future designs.
The Bombardier Global travels close to the speed of sound and the company is set to reveal further exciting developments with its upcoming Global and Global models. Major competitors including Dassault, Gulfstream and Cessna are also working on boosting the speed of their jets to supersonic or hypersonic range in response to emerging needs. Private jet models that can travel at the speed of sound may be unveiled as early as , with supersonic jets also expected in the near future as NASA continues to test out new technology the NASA X-plane is expected to reach a top speed of Mach 2.
Key concepts being researched and developed among the major aviation players include pilotless or unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs , electric planes and blended wing body design [94].
The concept of the pilotless jet is gaining critical focus, with a view to reducing overall flight costs by eliminating the need for outlays such as pilot salaries, daily stipends and hotel layovers [95]. The growing demand for air travel means companies are having to invest in training more pilots and crew-members — an estimated , pilots are currently in employment, with the number set to increase to , in the next 20 years [96].
By developing self-flying aircraft, airlines can help to address the future demand for pilots, as well as potentially improving flights by reducing the margin for human error.
Other concepts gaining pace concern more efficient aircraft design. Blended wing body design is an innovative concept that sees the wing blend smoothly into the wide flat fuselage [98]. The advantage is that the fuselage contributes to most of the lift generated, while the wings provide balance and Jet Plane Is Travelling Towards West Os stability [99].
By supporting a smaller surface area, the design helps to reduce drag better than the usual cylindrical fuselage, resulting in greater fuel efficiency and range. Government and international agency regulations add to the pressure to develop environmentally friendly designs. For instance, Swiss solar-powered aircraft Solar Impulse 2 could only carry one passenger and its speed was compromised by the low energy output of its solar panels.
Merging standard jet engine principles with the rocket engine may solve the problem, as the former could help start the jet and climb to a high altitude before the latter is switched on to achieve supersonic speed. Vertical take-off and landing VTOL technology is set to advance on the existing systems used in military fighter jets, allowing private aircraft to takeoff and land on a small stretch of runway.
Researchers are now free to build prototypes in the lab and test designs iteratively, making it easier and cheaper to develop aerodynamically stable, functionally efficient designs. Additionally, advancement in the use of composite materials is expected to result in aluminum alloys and other metals such as titanium being replaced with lightweight, high-strength materials such as glass fiber, Kevlar and carbon fiber.
The aviation industry is heading towards lightweight, structurally rigid and highly durable designs at much affordable cost. With lower weights, better engine optimization and 3D printing technology, future jets will be able to transport passengers faster and further. Importantly, the use of 3D printing can significantly Jet Plane Is Travelling Towards West Twitter lower costs by cutting labor costs and improving cycle time as designs are quickly assembled by machines [].
It also allows more complex and intricate designs to be fabricated in plants, meaning future private jets may look a lot different in airframe and fuselage. The development of supersonic or hypersonic business jets would significantly cut travel times.
Researchers are now trying to develop sustainable technology for supersonic and hypersonic aircraft, with NASA X-planes designed to overcome the problem of sonic boom and hit a maximum speed of Mach 2. The electronic charting and flight management systems already present in many private jets illustrate a move towards this smart technology.
In order for the concept to work on a large scale, however, a new traffic control system is needed. With increased environmental awareness and worldwide clean energy initiatives, reducing carbon emissions remains a challenge for aircraft designers and will continue to dominate the aviation industry as the key performance indicator for aircraft [].
The use of clean and renewable fuel is a potential solution; however, more research is needed to achieve the desired speed and performance using clean energy.
Nuclear or hydrogen energy is a promising clean fuel. As a small amount of fuel can provide a huge amount of energy, reducing the overall weight of the aircraft; while its high efficiency guarantees extra miles without the need for continuous refueling.
Nuclear energy is already used by the Navy to power massive aircraft carriers and submarines, with the well-developed nuclear fusion method offering more energy per unit mass than any other conventional fuel [].
The main drawback of nuclear fuel is that a collision or crash [] could have far-reaching and long-lasting environmental consequences [],[], while airport authorities would have to navigate the challenges of handling highly radioactive nuclear waste. Even a minor accident could lead to the evacuation of several suburbs and cities, leaving them permanently uninhabitable.
Developing advanced technology could considerably reduce the risk of damage or contamination, such as by securing nuclear reactors in strong reactor shields that can withstand even high-impact accidents. When Russian nuclear-powered submarine Kursk exploded, for example, the nuclear reactor remained undamaged thanks to such innovative design approaches. Radical developments in artificial intelligence AI mean pilotless aircraft are no longer the stuff of sci-fi movies.
But while a fully pilotless system could lower operating costs, there are also security concerns, such as cyber attacks during which criminals could gain control of a flight from the ground and blackmail those onboard [].
Technology can also fail without warning, such as when a Tesla self-driving car crashed during a drive, killing the driver. Many experts believe AI technology should focus on reducing the need onboard staff rather than fully eliminating them, while allowing for human intervention during an emergency. This would still reduce operating costs while limiting the risk of cyber attacks. As technology evolves and provides increasingly efficient ways for airplane manufacturers to create faster aircraft, traveling around the globe will be quicker and easier than ever before.
Want to know more? Bombardier Business Aircraft. Bombardier Aviation. Deechcraft Hawker. Dassault Falcon. Deechcraft Hawker Armaroli, Nicola, and Vincenzo Balzani. Banke, Jim. Bartles, Jet Plane Is Travelling Towards West Tab Charles K. Bressler, Martin S. Clavier, Odile H. Schleicher, Sharon W. Houck, John A. Sorensen, Paul C. Davis, and Cornelius G. Patent 6,,, issued September 27, Elias, Bart.
Ellis, Claire. Printing planes. Air Charter Services. Self-flying planes and the future of air travel. The future and pilotless planes. The Future of aviation technologies, rocket engines, and sustainable aviation. The future of electric planes and electric aviation.
Falcon 7X. Falcon 7x the benchmark for the 21st-century business jet. George, Jean Francois. The Dassault Falcon story. Gorman, Siobhan, Yochi J. Dreazen, and August Cole. Goyer, Robert. Dassault Falcon lx; technology meets beauty, and the result is…performance.
Dassault Aviation. Graves, Christopher, Sune D. Ebbesen, Mogens Mogensen, and Klaus S. Harris, Richard. The history of the Cessna Citation business jets. Hepperle, Martin. Herbert, Chris. Hosseini, S. Swept, diamond, and Delta wings. Huber, Mark. Gulfstream II. Business Jet Traveller.
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