%!$ Easy Diy Woodworking Bench Plans For You #!@

carpentry-shop-file-write Full Name Comment goes here. Diseases of wood are : Dry Rot: It is decomposition of felled timber by the action of various fungi which feed upon the wood and reduce it to a dry powdery condition. Hand Taps are usually supplied in sets of three in each diameter and thread size. Its size is specified by the length of the leg. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. LLC formation packages usually include a free year carpentry shop file write registered agent services.

The strips may be up to about 28mm wide and are placed edge to edge and sandwiched between veneers of softwood, hardwood or thin MDF or particleboard, glued under high pressure. The internal strips are generally made of light weight poplar wood. Blockboard is used to make doors, tables, shelves, paneling and partition walls. It is normally used for interior usages, due to the type of glues used. To achieve maximum strength, it is important to ensure that the core runs lengthways.

Blockboard also called lumber core has very good screw holding and can be considered as solid wood; it has a good resistance to warping.

Types of fiberboard in order of increasing density include particle board, medium-density fiberboard, and hardboard. Fiberboard is sometimes used as a synonym for particle board, but particle board usually refers to lowdensity fiberboard. Plywood is not a type of fiberboard, as it is made of thin sheets of wood, not wood fibers or particles.

Fiberboard, particularly medium-density fiberboard MDF , is heavily used in the furniture industry. For pieces that will be visible, a veneer of wood is often glued onto fiberboard to give it Carpentry Shop Practical File 02 the appearance of conventional wood. These pieces are usually covered with a skin, foil, or fabric such as cloth, suede, leather, or polyvinyl chloride.

Fiber Board Battens are used in building construction and various other fields as both structural and purely cosmetic elements. In the steel industry, battens may also be referred to as "top hats", in reference to the profile of the metal. They are also used on tall ships to form the ladders up the shrouds in a fashion similar to ratlines. They are also used to help secure tarpaulinsover hatches, thus giving rise to the common phrase "batten down the hatches!

Used by analogy in non-sailing contexts, it means to prepare to weather a coming storm, whether that storm is metaphorical or real. Wood Working Hand Tools Classification of tools according to their use is given below Measuring and Marking Tools 2. Holding and Supporting Tools 3.

Cutting Tools 4. Planning Tools 5. Boring and Drilling Tools 6. Striking Tools 7. Miscellaneous Tools It consists of a steel Blade fitting into a wooden or metallic stock at right angle to it. The front edge is hardened so as to resist wear and tear. It is made up of carbon steel. It is used for measuring and marking the points and lines on wooden stock before processing. Marking Gauge: It is used to draw parallel lines. The movable portion of the gauge is adjustable to suitable position and is tightened on the stem.

The piece which slides is called stock and scribing pin is fixed on the stem. Mortise Gauge: It is used to draw two parallel lines. Its working is similar to marking gauge except it has two sharp edges.

One fixed and second adjustable or fixed Bar or T- Clamp and C-Clamp 4. Hand Screw 1. Four carpenter vice are fitted on opposite sides of bench to hold the jobs during operation. Its one jaw is fixed to the side of the table while the other is kept movable means of screw and handle.

Clamps and screws: These are used by carpenters for holding and supporting wood pieces in position for carrying out different operations. Chisels 3. Axe 1. Saws:-Sawing means cutting woods along the grains.

The main parts of a saw are blade and handle. The size of a saw is the length of the blade in mm. The teeth are bent slightly by its pitch and the angle. Common type of Saws Rip saw 2. Cross-cut saw 3. Panel saw 4. Tenon saw or back saw 5. Dovetail saw 6. Compass or turning saw 7. Keyhole saw Dovetail saw 2. Compass or turning saw 3. Chisels:- In the wood work a large number of chisels are used for cutting the wood in different manners to produce desired shapes and verities. Axes:- is a cutting tool made of carbon steel.

The cutting edge is formed by beveling both sides of the axe. It is employed for splitting wood along the grains for rough work. Planning Tools:- The planning tools are used for shaving or smoothing plane surfaces. A plane may be described as a chisel fastened to a metallic or wooden block called body. The Chisel fastened to the body at an angle of 25 to 35 degree respectively.

Another Blade called Cap Iron is used for stiffening the cutting blade, prevents chattering and helps in cutting and curling of shavings. The Cap iron should be 1. Wooden Jack Plane 2. Iron Jack Plane 3.

Smoothing Plane 1. Boring and Drilling Tools:- for producing holes in wood. Gimlet Auger Bradwal Brace and Hand Drill Striking Tools Mallet 2. Claw Hammer 3. Peen Hammer 1. Mallet Claw Hammer Peen Hammer Miscellaneous Tools 1.

Screw Driver 2. Pincer 3. Rasp file Wood Working Processes 1. Mitre Joint 3. The employees will consist of family members helping with the business. Expansion will happen in the following order. These are the basic cost of starting a small woodworking business. You may be able to add or remove some of these items from your list. We realise that pricing is a crucial factor directly connected to the success of the business.

The customer should feel that they are getting their money's worth and the craftsman should be paid well for his work. The primary strategy of Outwood will be to create high-priced and high quality wood crafts. There is no point trying to sell low-end and cheaper products because any mass manufacturers can step in and offer the same product at cheaper cost, putting Outwood Inc out of business.

Since this is a small family owned business we will leverage exclusivity and make less number of items. Both quality and design will justify the higher price. Branding will play a very large role in determining the high selling price.

The business will target untapped niches and aim to earn more by selling less. This forecast is made after an analysis of production capacity and growth that can be achieved during the first three years.

Since the start-up is a small scale business it will be possible to sustain a fairly rapid growth during the initial years. The forecast also considers the consumer demand as shown by the market research. Strong branding and effective promotions will be required to achieve the above sales forecast for the woodworking business. It is one of the most powerful selling strategies to know what your target market is. A target market is defined as consisting of a certain customer profile that is most likely to buy your product.

For example, is your customer predominantly male, female or both, what is the average age group, income bracket where do they live, What activities do they like to do in leisure time, what is the location, marital and family status and even things like the assets they own, the cars they drive and where and what are they like to eat. The more you know about your perfect customer better. Things like where they go to have fun and what cars they drive might seem irreverent to selling wood crafts but they're not.

The idea is to know who they are and where to find them. Once you know who you are looking for and where to find them then you can pinpoint your campaigns directly at them and get very lucrative results.

Online ad networks today allow you to target people with your advertisements based on several things like their age, gender, location and interests. This helps you reach the kind of people that are most likely Buy from you. As far as off-line ads and promotions go, you can place your advertisements in exact places or mediums where they are most likely to find the perfect target customer.

One of the factors that showed up in the market research for a pudding is that it has a white age group as a target audience. They are also the people who like outdoors, take pride in their homes and love nature. The profile suggests that women are more into Zia stick about buying from this business.

Outwood Inc targets homeowners with its products. So the housing market, prosperity of house owners and the increase in the value of property are all important factors that affect the success of outdoor wood crafts.

Since the real estate economy is improving, with pride of ownership getting a much needed boost, the market looks favourable for growth. The feel good factor of homeowners is closely related to sales for Outwood Inc. The study was released by the newly rechristened Association for creative industries, earlier known as craft and hobby Association.

The growth trend is strong and set for a steady increase. The opportunities are strong for the online market and e-commerce sales are becoming increasingly popular. The growth trend is very prevalent in the art and craft industry with platforms like Etsy showing a healthy growth rate even through the economic crisis. Opportunities for Outwood Inc exist in the local market because of the absence of a strong woodworking brand that caters to outdoor wood projects.

This is a good Time to establish oneself as an expert in the field. Most local woodworkers are not investing an effort in creating a strong brand image. This is a good opportunity to become well known and send a strong message to the consumers through effective marketing and branding.

Most people who create a woodworking business plan claim that it helped them in getting successful. Therefore, we suggest an informal plan that you do not have to feel pressured about. Test it with steel scale as before and check squareness with the face side by a try square. Place the work piece in the vice and plane this edge down to the marked gauge line.

Test with steel scale and try square. Mark a line with marking gauge 20 mm. Make correspondingly on the opposite edge. Place the work piece with face down and plane the bottom side upto the gauge line on both the edges. Test its squareness and trueness as before.

Draw a line 10mm. With the pencil point locate the positions of the slots according to given sketch. Using the try square mark slots with pencil on the face side. Square down these lines upto gauge lines on the two face edges. Make saw cuts close up against the lines on the face side and upto gauge lines on the edges. The cuts should be towards the portion to be removed. Fix the work piece again and chisel out the slots, starting from top to bottom at an angle and gradually reaching the gauge line.

Finally, clear the bottom portion of each slot smooth and flat. Saw out the waste wood from both the ends. NOTE: 1. Use a chisel of smaller size than the slot to be cut. Be careful to see the saw does not run out of the marked lines. The given Wooden piece is checked to ensure its correct size. The Wooden piece is firmly clamped in the carpenter's vice and any two adjacent faces are planed by the jack plane and the two faces are checked for squareness with the try square.

Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 44 and 88 mm, to mark the thickness and width of the model respectively. The excess material is first chiseled out with firmer chisel and then planed to correct size. The mating dimensions of the parts X and Yare then marked using scale and marking gauge. The ends of both the parts are chiseled to exact lengths. A fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fitting is obtained.

The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint. Procedure: Order of operation: Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 30 and 44 mm, to mark the thickness and width of the model respectively.

The Wooden piece is firmly clamped in the carpenter's vice and one of its faces are planed by the jack plane and checked for straightness. Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 30 and 45 mm, to mark the thickness and width of the model respectively.

The excess material is first chiseled out with the firmer chisel and then planed to correct size. The mating dimensions of the parts X and Yare then marked using the scale and marking gauge. The material to be removed in part X mortise is carried out by using the mortise and firmer chisels. Finish chiseling is done wherever needed so that, the parts can be fitted to obtain a near tight joint. Fitting Shop 1. Sometimes, it becomes necessary to replace or repair component which must be fit accurately with another component on reassembly.

This involves a certain amount of hand fitting. The assembly of machine tools, jigs, gauges, etc, involves certain amount of bench work. The accuracy of work done depends upon the experience and skill of the fitter. Both the bench work and fitting requires the use of number of simple hand tools and considerable manual efforts. The operations in the above works consist of filing, chipping, scraping, sawing drilling, and tapping.

It is the most commonly used vice in a fitting shop. The bench vice is shown in Figure 1. The vice body consists of two main parts, fixed jaw and movable jaw. When the vice handle is turned in a clockwise direction, the sliding jaw forces the work against the fixed jaw. Jaw plates are made of hardened steel. Serrations on the jaws ensure a good grip.

Jaw caps made of soft material are used to protect finished surfaces, gripped in the vice. The size of the vice is specified by the length of the jaws.

The vice body is made of cast Iron which is strong in compression, weak in tension and so fractures under shocks and therefore should never be hammered. The working principle of this clamp is the same as that of the bench vice. F Figure 1. It is also used for marking out small box and is more precious than the marking table. The degree of the finished depends upon whether it is designed for bench work in a fitting shop or for using in an inspection room; the surface plate is made of Cast Iron, hardened Steel or Granite stone.

It is specified by length, width, height and grade. Handles are provided on two opposite sides, to carry it while shifting from one place to another. In practice, it is used for checking the squareness of many types of small works when extreme accuracy is not required. The blade of the Try square is made of hardened steel and the stock of cast Iron or steel.

The size of the Try square is specified by the length of the blade. It is made of hardened and tempered High Carbon Steel. The Tip of the scriber is generally ground at 12oto 15o. It is generally available in lengths, ranging from mm to mm. It has two pointed ends the bent end is used Tools Of Carpentry Shop Github for marking lines where the straight end cannot reach.

This is used for marking parallel liners from a finished edge and also for locating the center of round bars; it has one leg pointed like a divider and the other leg bent like a caliper. It is specified by the length of the leg up to the hinge point. This is used for marking circles, arcs laying out perpendicular lines, by setting lines. It is made of case hardened mild steel or hardened and tempered low carbon steel. Its size is specified by the length of the leg.

These are made of high carbon steel. It consists of a cylindrical knurled body, which is plain for some length at the top of it. At the other end, it is ground to a point. The tapered point of the punch is hardened over a length of 20 to 30mm. Dot punch is used to lightly indent along the layout lines, to locate center of holes and to provide a small center mark for divider point, etc. It is used to mark the location of the holes to be drilled. These are used with the help of a steel Rule to check inside and outside measurements.

These are made of Case hardened mild steel or hardened and tempered low carbon steel. While using, but the legs of the caliper are set against the surface of the work, whether inside or outside and the distance between the legs is measured with the help of a scale and the same can be transferred to another desired place.

These are specified by the length of the leg. In the case of outside caliper, the legs are bent inwards and in the case of inside caliper, the legs bent outwards. It may also be used as a depth gauge. It has two jaws. One jaw is formed at one end of its main scale and the other jaw is made part of a vernier scale. It is used for Lay out work and offset scriber is used when it is required to take measurement from the surface, on which the gauge is standing.

The accuracy and working principle of this gauge are the same as those of the vernier calipers. Its size is specified by the maximum height that can be measured by it. It consists of a frame, which holds a thin blade, firmly in position. Hacksaw blade is specified by the number of teeth for centimeter. Hacksaw blades have a number of teeth ranging from 5 to 15 per centimeter cm.

Blades having lesser number of teeth per cm are used for cutting soft materials like aluminum, brass and bronze. Blades having larger number of teeth per centimeter are used for cutting hard materials like steel and cast Iron. Hacksaw blades are classified as i All hard and ii flexible type. The all hard blades are made of H. S, hardened and tempered throughout to retain their cutting edges longer.

These are used to cut hard metals. These blades are hard and brittle and can break easily by twisting and forcing them into the work while sawing. Flexible blades are made of H. S or low alloy steel but only the teeth are hardened and the rest of the blade is soft and flexible. These make slots wider than the blade thickness, preventing the blade from jamming.

These tools are made from 0. Chisels are annealed, hardened and tempered to produce a tough shank and hard cutting edge. Annealing relieves the internal stresses in a metal. These are made of High speed steel. Both straight and taper shank twist drills are used. The parallel shank twist drill can be held in an ordinary self — centering drill check. The tapper shank twist drill fits into a corresponding tapered bore provided in the drilling machine spindle.

Hand Taps are usually supplied in sets of three in each diameter and thread size. Each set consists of a tapper tap, intermediate tap and plug or bottoming tap. Taps are made of high carbon steel or highspeedsteel. Dies are made either solid or split type.

They are fixed in a die stock for holding and adjusting the die gap. They are made of Steel or High Carbon Steel. Bench drilling machine is the most versatile machine used in a fitting shop for the purpose.

Twist drills, made of tool steel or high speed steel are used with the drilling machine for drilling holes. Following are the stages in drilling work 1. Select the correct size drills, put it into the check and lock it firmly 2. Adjust the speed of the machine to suit the work by changing the belt on the pulleys. Use high speed for small drills and soft materials and low speed for large diameter drills and hard materials.

Layout of the location of the pole and mark it with a center punch. Hold the work firmly in the vice on the machine table and clamp it directly on to the machine table. Put on the power, locate the punch mark and apply slight pressure with the Feed Hand. Once Drilling is commenced at the correct location, apply enough pressure and continue drilling.

When drilling steel apply cutting oil at the drilling point. Release the pressure slightly, when the drill point pierces the lower surface of the metal. This prevents the drill catching and damaging the work or drill.

For this, a hole is first drilled, the size of which is slightly smaller than the finished size and then a hand reamer or machine reamer is used for finishing the hole to the correct size.

The Shank end of the reamer is made straight so that it can be held in a tap wrench. It is operated by hand, with a tap wrench fitted on the square end of the reamer and with the work piece held in the vice.

The body of the reamer is given a slight tapper at its working end, for its easy entry into the whole during operation, it is rotated only in clock wise direction and also while removing it from the whole. A file is hardened steel too, having small parallel rows of cutting edges or teeth on its surfaces. On the faces, the teeth are usually diagonal to the edge. One end of the file is shaped to fit into a wooden handle.

The figure shows various parts of a hand file. The hand file is parallel in width and tapering slightly in thickness, towards the tip. It is provided with double cut teeth. On the faces, single cut on one edge and no teeth on the other edge, which is known as a safe edge. The figure shows the various types of files based on their shape.

A ball peen hammer has a flat face which is used for general work and a ball end, particularly used for riveting. This is used for chipping, riveting, bending and stretching metals and hammering inside the curves and shoulders.

It is used for swaging, riveting in restricted places and stretching metals. The blade is made of steel and is available in different lengths and diameters.

The grinding of the tip to the correct shape is very important. A star screw driver is specially designed to fit the head of star screws. The end of the blade is fluted instead of flattened.

The screw driver is specified by the length of the metal part from handle to the tip. Types of screw driver 1. It is usually made of forged steel. There are many kinds of spanners. They are named according to the application. The size of the spanner Keep hands and tools wiped clean and free of dirt, oil and grease.

Dry tools are safer to use than slippery tools. Do not carry sharp tools on pockets. Wear leather shoes and not sandals. Do no keep working tools at the edge of the table. Position the work piece such that the cut to be made is close to the vice. This practice prevents springing, saw breakage and personal injury. Apply force only on the forward cutting stroke and relieve the force on the return stroke while sawing and filing.

Do not hold the work piece in hand while cutting. Use the file with a properly fitted tight handle. After filing, remove the burrs from the edges of the work, to prevent cuts to the fingers. Do not use vice as an anvil. While sawing, keep the blade straight; otherwise it will break Do not use a file without handle.

Clean the vice after use. Sequence of operations 1. The dimensions of the given piece are checked with the steel rule. The job is fixed rigidly in a bench vice and the two adjacent sides are filed, using the rough flat file first and then the smooth flat file such that, the two sides are at right angle.

Chalk is then applied on the surface of the work piece. The given dimensions are marked by scribing two lines, with reference to the above two datum sides by using Vernier height gauge, Angle plate and Surface plate.

Using the dot punch, dots are punched along the above scribed lines. The two sides are then filed, by fitting the job in the bench vice; followed by checking the flatness of the surfaces. As the material removal through filing is relatively less, filing is done instead of sawing.

Result The square pieces of 48 mm side is thus obtained by filing, as discussed above. Raw material b. The burrs in the pieces are removed and the dimensions are checked with steel rule. Make both pieces surface levels and right angles by fixing in the Vice, use Files for removing material to get level. With the help of Try square check the right angles and surface levels. Using Surface plate and Angle plate mark the given two metal pieces as per drawing with Vernier height gauge. Punch the scribed lines with dot punch and hammer keeping on the Anvil.

Punch to punch give 5 mm gap. Cut excess material wherever necessary with Hacksaw frame with blade, Drill bits and Taps. Dimensions are checked by vernier caliper and match the two pieces. Any defect noticed, are rectified by filing with a smooth file. Care is taken to see that the punched dots are not crossed, which is indicated by the half of the punch dots left on the pieces.

Durability: the wire selected should be able the to withstand for a long period against weather changes. Safety: safety is the foremost point to be kept in view while making Decision of the systems of wiring.

It may not prove to be risky. At places which are not free from fire danger conduit wiring is preferred. Cost: the cost of wiring installation is one of the main points to be considered. The system chosen should be economical and within the means of the individual. Appearance: wiring appearance has its own effect. Architectural Beauty should be kept in view. R Vulcanized India rubber wire used in porcelain cleats. The cleats are of three types, having one, two or three grooves so as to receive one two or three wires.

They are made in two halves. One is grooved to receive the wire the other is put over it and the whole is fixed on the wall. The system of installation is cheap and its most suitable for temporary wiring.

It can be easily installed and also removed quickly when not require. It should be free from knots shakes or any other defect. The casing has usually two grooves to carry wires. At the top it is covered by a strip known as the capping. The width of the capping to show position of wires so that the screws may not be driven through wrong position.

Wood gutties are fixed on the wall separated by a distance of not more than one meter. Round porcelain disc insulator are used between the wood gutties and casting. The fixing is done with countersunk scores into the gutties.

The capping is screwed over 15cm for all sized up to 6cm. The cable is free the effects of moisture, acids alkalies and climatic variations. It can be exposed to sun.

The system is even suitable for places where chemical fumes are present. This covering provides protection to the cable from mechanical injury.

In residential buildings they are run over wooden battens. The sheathed should be earthed otherwise electrolytic action may take place to the leakage of current and there by deteriorate the covering These cables are not suitable for places where chemical corrosion may rise. They effect on the open ends of cable are give; these cable are more costly than CTS ones.

The following points should be noted when installing metal sheathed wiring. Metal clips and Saddles used to support the cable should be placed 40cm apart.

The support used should not be of such a material as to cause chemical action with the sheaths. The icas sheath should be run over a damp place. The cable should be run over the damp place. The cable should be run in conduits when crossing the floor or wall.

Sharp bends should be avoided. Conduit wiring: workshop and public building this is the best and most Desirable system of wiring it provides mechanical protection and safety against fire. They can be supported over the wall by saddles and pipe hooks. VICE: a Vice should not be used as an anvil. They are specified in length and the range is 15, 20, 25, or 30 cm. Insulated Plier is particular used on live wires because the insulation gives protection from shocks.

They are used for taking out or driving slotted heat screws by The size is measured by its blades. A good driver has a hardened and tempered egde. The edge should not be ground to suit different screw heads.

POKER: it is a pointed tool with flat sides and used for making pibt holes for screws in wood casing boxes etc. They are of different length and different diameters. The diameters various steps of 3mm from 6mm to 25mm. Chucks to take drill bits up to 9. Serve the purpose of an Electrician. The numbers are marked on each slot. Holes are provided at the end slot for moving the wire easily.

To find the gauge of a wire, the particular slit is found by trail into which a bare wire just slides without being damaged. The number stamped opposite to the number of the gauge required. KNIFE: it is folding steel knife, which is very useful for cleaning wires. It should not be used for cutting wires. Usually they are made of steel the tool bits are numbered according to the size of plugs used. Their importance lies in wiring concrete and stonewalls.

Holes are made on the walls of sufficient depth and fires plugs are inserted in them. The material to beheld in position is placed on the plug to expand and grip the wall.

While using the tool, it should be rotated slowly after each hammering moreover it Should not be used on the material. SPT Single polo tumbler switch 5 Amps. Intermediate switch 5 Amps. Batton holder Brass or Bakelite 6. Pendant holder Brass or Bakelite 7. Slanting or angle holder brass Wall bracket 9.

Wood Word Cutting Machine Jp Cnc Chamfer Bit Id Plane Hand Tool Name