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woodturning-tools-nz-71 This is called serotiny. Woodturning tools nz 7.1 of the main symbolic attributes of pines in Chinese art and literature are longevity and steadfastness: the pine retains its green needles through all the seasons. Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. The cost of living in Germany is fairly reasonable compared to other countries in western Europe, although it is more expensive than its eastern European neighbours and many other parts Have a cookie Expatica uses technology such as cookies and scripts to personalize content and ads, provide social media features, and analyze woodtrning traffic.

The female cones take 1. At maturity the female cones are 3—60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds. The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are anemophilous wind-dispersed , but some are larger and have only a vestigial wing, and are bird -dispersed see below. Female cones are woody and sometimes armed to protect developing seeds from foragers.

At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds. In some of the bird-dispersed species, for example whitebark pine , [12] , the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed cones for many years until an environmental cue triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. This is called serotiny. The most common form of serotiny is pyriscence, in which a resin binds the cones shut until melted by a forest fire, for example in Pinus rigida.

Conifers evolved about million years ago, and pines perhaps million years ago. Pinus is the largest genus of the Pinaceae , the pine family, which is the oldest and largest conifer family. It dates back to million years ago. These genera, with firs and larches , form the pinoid clade of the Pinaceae. The oldest verified fossil of the genus is Pinus yorkshirensis from the Hauterivian - Barremian boundary Ma in the Speeton Clay , England.

The evolutionary history of the genus Pinus has been complicated by hybridization. Pines are prone to inter-specific breeding. Wind pollination, long life spans, overlapping generations, large population size, and weak reproductive isolation make breeding across species more likely.

Pines are gymnosperms. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on the number of fibrovascular bundles in the needle. The subgenera can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters:. Many of the smaller groups of Pinus are composed of closely related species with recent divergence and history of hybridization. This results in low morphological and genetic differences.

This, coupled with low sampling and underdeveloped genetic techniques, has made taxonomy difficult to determine. Pines are native to the Northern Hemisphere , and in a few parts of the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere. Most regions of the Northern Hemisphere see List of pines by region host some native species of pines. Pines may be found in a very large variety of environments, ranging from semi-arid desert to rainforests, from sea level up to 5, metres 17, ft , from the coldest to the hottest environments on Earth.

They often occur in mountainous areas with favorable soils and at least some water. Various species have been introduced to temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as timber or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. A number of such introduced species have become naturalized, and some species are considered invasive in some areas [19] and threaten native ecosystems.

Pines grow well in acid soils, some also on calcareous soils; most require good soil drainage, preferring sandy soils, but a few e.

A few are able to sprout after forest fires e. Canary Island pine. Some species of pines e. Several species are adapted to extreme conditions imposed by elevation and latitude e. Siberian dwarf pine, mountain pine , whitebark pine, and the bristlecone pines. The pinyon pines and a number of others, notably Turkish pine and gray pine , are particularly well adapted to growth in hot, dry semidesert climates.

The seeds are commonly eaten by birds, such as grouse, crossbills, jays, nuthatches, siskins, and woodpeckers, and by squirrels.

Some birds, notably the spotted nutcracker , Clark's nutcracker , and pinyon jay , are of importance in distributing pine seeds to new areas. Pine needles are sometimes eaten by some Lepidoptera butterfly and moth species see list of Lepidoptera that feed on pines , the Symphytan species pine sawfly , and goats.

Pine pollen may play an important role in the functioning of detrital food webs. Pines are among the most commercially important tree species valued for their timber and wood pulp throughout the world. Commercial pines are grown in plantations for timber that is denser and therefore more durable than spruce Picea. Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, panelling, floors, and roofing, and the resin of some species is an important source of turpentine.

Because pines have no insect- or decay-resistant qualities after logging, untreated they are generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only indoor drywall framing, for example. For outside use, pine needs to be treated with copper azole, chromated copper arsenate or other suitable chemical preservative.

Many pine species make attractive ornamental plantings for parks and larger gardens with a variety of dwarf cultivars being suitable for smaller spaces. Pines are also commercially grown and harvested for Christmas trees. Pine cones, the largest and most durable of all conifer cones , are craft favorites.

Pine boughs, appreciated especially in wintertime for their pleasant smell and greenery, are popularly cut for decorations. Civil War , the needles of the longleaf pine "Georgia pine" were widely employed in this. Pine needles are also versatile and have been used by Latvian designer Tamara Orjola to create different biodegradable products including paper, furniture, textiles and dye.

Pine needles serve as food for various Lepidoptera. Several species of pine are attacked by nematodes , causing pine wilt disease , which can kill some quickly.

Some of these Lepidoptera species, many of them moths, specialize in feeding on only one or sometimes several species of pine. Beside that many species of birds and mammals shelter in pine habitat or feed on pine nuts. When grown for sawing timber, pine plantations can be harvested after 25 years, with some stands being allowed to grow up to 50 as the wood value increases more quickly as the trees age.

Imperfect trees such as those with bent trunks or forks, smaller trees, or diseased trees are removed in a "thinning" operation every 5—10 years. Thinning allows the best trees to grow much faster, because it prevents weaker trees from competing for sunlight, water, and nutrients. Young trees removed during thinning are used for pulpwood or are left in the forest, while most older ones are good enough for saw timber. A year-old commercial pine tree grown in good conditions in Arkansas will be about 0.

After 50 years, the same tree will be about 0. This however depends on the region, species and silvicultural techniques. In New Zealand plantations maximum value is reached at around 28 years with height being as high as 30 m 98 ft and diameter 0.

Trees are normally planted 3—4 m apart, or about per hectare , per km 2. Some species have large seeds , called pine nuts , that are harvested and sold for cooking and baking.

They are an essential ingredient of pesto alla genovese. The soft, moist, white inner bark cambium beneath the woody outer bark is edible and very high in vitamins A and C. A tea made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water known as tallstrunt in Sweden is high in vitamins A and C. Pine needles from Pinus densiflora were found to contain In traditional Chinese medicine TCM , pine resin is used for burns, wounds and dermal complaints.

Pines have been a frequently mentioned tree throughout history, including in literature, paintings and other art, and in religious texts. Writers of various nationalities and ethnicities have written of pines.

George Allan D. Pines are often featured in art, whether painting and fine art , [42] drawing, [43] photography, or folk art.

Pine trees, as well as other conifers, are mentioned in The Bible. In Nehemiah , the King James Version renders the following translation: [44]. The pine is a motif in Chinese art and literature, which sometimes combines painting and poetry in the same work. Some of the main symbolic attributes of pines in Chinese art and literature are longevity and steadfastness: the pine retains its green needles through all the seasons. Sometimes the pine and cypress are paired.

At other times the pine, plum, and bamboo are considered as the " Three Friends of Winter ". A Khasi pine in Benguet , Philippines. Huangshan pine Pinus hwangshanensis , Anhui , China. A growing female cone of a Scots pine on a mountain in Perry County, Pennsylvania. A prescribed fire in a European black pine Pinus nigra woodland, Portugal.

Pinus sylvestris prepared for transport, Hungary. Tongue and groove solid pine flooring. The artist was active c. A fully grown and freshly fallen female pine cone Pinus strobus. Crooked Forest in Nowe Czarnowo , Poland. Forchem tall oil refinery in Rauma , Finland. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Pines. Genus of plants in the conifer family Pinaceae. This article is about the tree. For other uses, see Pine disambiguation and Pines disambiguation.

Pinus radiata female ovulate cone. Main article: List of Pinus species. Further information: List of Lepidoptera that feed on pines.

Further information: Three Friends of Winter. Pinus taeda bark. A picture portraying the turpentine industry. Roots of an old pine in Ystad ISBN Retrieved 15 December Mail Tribune.

Medford, Oregon. Archived from the original on Find out how the local tax Expats moving to Germany for the long term should consider what inheritance tax Branching out alone in Germany?

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