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Salvaged Shelves. As it became clear NASA would not soon establish a lunar base, such a large vehicle seemed unnecessary. Still, a rover would enhance the J missions, which were to concentrate on science, though its mass was limited to about pounds kg and it was not then clear that so light a vehicle could be useful.
NASA did not decide to proceed with a rover until May , as Apollo 10 , the dress rehearsal for the Moon landing, made its way home from lunar orbit. These cost overruns gained considerable media attention at a time of greater public weariness with the space program, when NASA's budget was being cut. The Lunar Roving Vehicle could be folded into a space 5 ft by 20 in 1. Unloaded, it weighed lb kg and when carrying two astronauts and their equipment, lb kg.
Although it could be driven by either astronaut, the commander always drove. Its main objectives were to study the plasma, particle, and magnetic field environment of the Moon and map the lunar gravity field. Specifically, it measured plasma and energetic particle intensities and vector magnetic fields, and facilitated tracking of the satellite velocity to high precision.
A basic requirement was that the satellite acquire fields and particle data everywhere on the orbit around the Moon. It is believed to have crashed into the Moon sometime thereafter. The time of launch was at the very start of the two-hour, 37 minute launch window, which would allow Apollo 15 to arrive at the Moon with the proper lighting conditions at Hadley Rille; had the mission been postponed beyond another window on July 27, it could not have been rescheduled until late August.
The astronauts had been awakened five and a quarter hours before launch by Slayton, and after breakfast and suiting up, had been taken to Pad 39A, launch site of all seven attempts at crewed lunar landing, and entered the spacecraft about three hours before launch. There were no unplanned delays in the countdown. At into the mission, the S-IVB engine shut down, leaving Apollo 15 in its planned parking orbit in low Earth orbit.
The mission remained there for 2 hours and 40 minutes, allowing the crew and Houston, via telemetry to check the spacecraft's systems. At Once trans-lunar injection had been achieved, placing the spacecraft on a trajectory towards the Moon, explosive cords separated the CSM from the booster as Worden operated the CSM's thrusters to push it away.
After Apollo 15 separated from the booster, the S-IVB maneuvered away, and, as planned, impacted the Moon about an hour after the crewed spacecraft entered lunar orbit, though due to an error the impact was 79 nautical miles km away from the intended target. There was a malfunctioning light on the craft's service propulsion system SPS ; after considerable troubleshooting, the astronauts did a test burn of the system that also served as a midcourse correction.
This occurred about into the mission. Fearing that the light meant the SPS might unexpectedly fire, the astronauts avoided using the control bank with the faulty light, bringing it online only for major burns, and controlling it manually. After the mission returned, the malfunction proved to be caused by a tiny bit of wire trapped within the switch. After purging and renewing the LM's atmosphere to eliminate any contamination, the astronauts entered the LM about 34 hours into the mission, needing to check the condition of its equipment and move in items that would be required on the Moon.
Much of this work was televised back to Earth, the camera operated by Worden. This was a concern not only because an important piece of equipment, providing information on distance and rate of approach, might not work properly, but because bits of the glass cover were floating around Falcon' s interior.
The tapemeter was supposed to be in a helium atmosphere, [ALFJ 9] but due to the breakage, it was in the LM's oxygen atmosphere. As yet, there had been only minor problems, but at about mission time the evening of July 28 in Houston , Scott discovered a leak in the water system while preparing to chlorinate the water supply.
The crew could not tell where it was coming from, and the issue had the potential to become serious. The experts in Houston found a solution, which was successfully implemented by the crew. The water was mopped up with towels, which were then put out to dry in the tunnel between the command module CM and lunar module—Scott stated it looked like someone's laundry.
At into the mission, a second midcourse correction, with less than a second of burn, was made. Although there were four opportunities to make midcourse corrections following TLI, only two were needed. If no burn occurred, Apollo 15 would emerge from the lunar shadow and come back in radio contact faster than expected; the continued lack of communication allowed Mission Control to conclude that the burn had taken place.
When contact resumed, Scott did not immediately give the particulars of the burn, but spoke admiringly of the beauty of the Moon, causing Alan Shepard, the Apollo 14 commander, who was awaiting a television interview, to grumble, "To hell with that shit, give us details of the burn.
On Apollo 11 and 12, the lunar module decoupled from the CSM and descended to a much lower orbit from which the lunar landing attempt commenced; to save fuel in an increasingly heavy lander, beginning with Apollo 14, the SPS in the service module made that burn, known as descent orbit insertion DOI , with the lunar module still attached to the CSM.
The initial orbit Apollo 15 was in had its apocynthion , or high point, over the landing site at Hadley; a burn at the opposite point in the orbit was performed, with the result that Hadley would now be under the craft's pericynthion , or low point. This, and uncertainty as to the exact altitude of the landing site, made it desirable that the orbit be modified, or trimmed. As well as preparing the lunar module for its descent, the crew continued observations of the Moon including of the landing site at Hadley and provided television footage of the surface.
Then, Scott and Irwin entered the lunar module in preparation for the landing attempt. Undocking was planned for , over the far side of the Moon, but nothing happened when separation was attempted.
With the problem resolved, Falcon separated from Endeavour at Worden in Endeavour executed a SPS burn at During the first part of the descent, Falcon was aligned so the astronauts were on their backs and thus could not see the lunar surface below them, but after the craft made a pitchover maneuver, they were upright and could see the surface in front of them. Scott, who as commander performed the landing, was confronted with a landscape that did not at first seem to resemble what he had seen during simulations.
Part of this was due to an error in the landing path of some 3, feet m , of which CAPCOM Ed Mitchell informed the crew prior to pitchover; part because the craters Scott had relied on in the simulator were difficult to make out under lunar conditions, and he initially could not see Hadley Rille.
He concluded that they were likely to overshoot the planned landing site, and, once he could see the rille, started maneuvering the vehicle to move the computer's landing target back towards the planned spot, and looked for a relatively smooth place to land.
Below about 60 feet 18 m , Scott could see nothing of the surface because of the quantities of lunar dust being displaced by Falcon' s exhaust. Falcon had a larger engine bell than previous LMs, in part to accommodate a heavier load, and the importance of shutting down the engine at initial contact rather than risk "blowback", the exhaust reflecting off the lunar surface and going back into the engine possibly causing an explosion had been impressed on the astronauts by mission planners.
Thus, when Irwin called "Contact", indicating that one of the probes on the landing leg extensions had touched the surface, Scott immediately shut off the engine, letting the lander fall the remaining distance to the surface. Already moving downward at about. Scott's speed resulted in what was likely the hardest lunar landing of any of the crewed missions, at about 6. Falcon landed at The Falcon is on the Plain at Hadley. David Scott, upon setting foot on the Moon.
With Falcon due to remain on the lunar surface for almost three days, Scott deemed it important to maintain the circadian rhythm they were used to, and as they had landed in the late afternoon, Houston time, the two astronauts were to sleep before going onto the surface.
But the time schedule allowed Scott to open the lander's top hatch usually used for docking and spend a half hour looking at their surroundings, describing them, and taking photographs. Lee Silver had taught him the importance of going to a high place to survey a new field site, and the top hatch served that purpose.
Throughout the sleep period Mission Control in Houston monitored a slow but steady oxygen loss. Scott and Irwin eventually were awakened an hour early, and the source of the problem was found to be an open valve on the urine transfer device.
In post-mission debriefing, Scott recommended that future crews be woken at once under similar circumstances. After the problem was solved, the crew began preparation for the first Moon walk. The experts in Houston suggested lifting the front end of the rover as the astronauts pulled it out, and this worked. One of the batteries gave a zero voltage reading, but this was only an instrumentation problem.
A greater concern was that the front wheel steering would not work. However the rear wheel steering was sufficient to maneuver the vehicle. Out of detent ; we're moving", maneuvering the rover away from Falcon in mid-sentence. These were the first words uttered by a human while driving a vehicle on the Moon. The resolution was not high compared to the still photographs that would be taken, but the camera allowed the geologists on Earth to indirectly participate in Scott and Irwin's activities.
The rille was not visible from the landing site, but as Scott and Irwin drove over the rolling terrain, it came into view. The astronauts took samples there, [75] and then drove to another crater on the flank of Mons Hadley Delta , where they took more.
After concluding this stop, they returned to the lander to drop off their samples and prepare to set up the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package ALSEP , the scientific instruments that would remain when they left. The rover's front steering, inoperative during the first EVA, worked during the second and third ones. They spent an hour at Spur crater, during which the astronauts collected a sample dubbed the Genesis Rock.
This rock, an anorthosite , is believed to be part of the early lunar crust—the hope of finding such a specimen had been one reason the Hadley area had been chosen. Once back at the landing site, Scott continued to try to drill holes for experiments at the ALSEP site, with which he had struggled the day before. After conducting soil-mechanics experiments and raising the U.
EVA 2 lasted 7 hours and 12 minutes. Although Scott had eventually been successful at drilling the holes, he and Irwin had been unable to retrieve a core sample, and this was an early order of business during EVA 3, their third and final moonwalk. Time that could have been devoted to geology ticked away as Scott and Irwin attempted to pull it out. Once it had been retrieved, more time passed as they attempted to break the core into pieces for transport to Earth.
Hampered by an incorrectly-mounted vise on the rover, they eventually gave up on this—the core would be transported home with one segment longer than planned.
The core proved one of the most important items brought back from the Moon, revealing much about its history, but the expended time meant the planned visit to a group of hills known as the North Complex had to be scrubbed. Instead, the crew again ventured to the edge of Hadley Rille, this time to the northwest of the immediate landing site.
Once the astronauts were beside the LM, Scott used a kit provided by the Postal Service to cancel a first day cover of two stamps being issued on August 2, the current date. He dropped the hammer and feather at the same time; because of the negligible lunar atmosphere, there was no drag on the feather, which hit the ground at the same time as the hammer.
This was Joe Allen's idea he also served as CAPCOM during it and was part of an effort to find a memorable popular science experiment to do on the Moon along the lines of Shepard's hitting of golf balls. The feather was most likely from a female gyrfalcon a type of falcon , a mascot at the United States Air Force Academy.
Scott then drove the rover to a position away from the LM, where the television camera could be used to observe the lunar liftoff. Near the rover, he left a small aluminum statuette called Fallen Astronaut , along with a plaque bearing the names of 14 known American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts who had died in the furtherance of space exploration.
The memorial was left while the television camera was turned away; he told Mission Control he was doing some cleanup activities around the rover. Scott disclosed the memorial in a post-flight news conference. He also placed a Bible on the control panel of the rover before leaving it for the last time to enter the LM. The EVA lasted 4 hours, 49 minutes and 50 seconds. Worden got busy with the tasks that were to occupy him for much of the time he spent in space alone: photography and operating the instruments in the SIM bay.
Filling previously-unused space in the service module, the SIM bay contained a gamma-ray spectrometer, mounted on the end of a boom, an X-ray spectrometer and a laser altimeter, which failed part way through the mission.
Two cameras, a stellar camera and a metric camera, together comprised the mapping camera, which was complemented by a panoramic camera, derived from spy technology. The altimeter and cameras permitted the exact time and location from which pictures were taken to be determined.
Also present were an alpha particle spectrometer, which could be used to detect evidence of lunar volcanism, and a mass spectrometer, also on a boom in the hope it would be unaffected by contamination from the ship.
The boom would prove troublesome, as Worden would not always be able to get it to retract. He also exercised to avoid muscle atrophy, and Houston kept him up to date on Scott and Irwin's activities on the lunar surface. The panoramic camera did not operate perfectly, but provided enough images that no special adjustment was made.
Worden took many photographs through the command module's windows, often with shots taken at regular intervals. His task was complicated by the lack of a working mission timer in the Lower Equipment Bay of the command module, as its circuit breaker had popped en route to the Moon.
There was a communications blackout when the CSM passed over the far side of the Moon from Earth; Worden greeted each resumption of contact with the words, "Hello, Earth. Greetings from Endeavour ", expressed in different languages. Worden and El-Baz had come up with the idea, and the geology instructor had aided the astronaut in accumulating translations. Results from the SIM bay experiments would include the conclusion, from data gathered by the X-ray spectrometer, that there was greater fluorescent X-ray flux than anticipated, and that the lunar highlands were richer in aluminum than were the mares.
By the time Scott and Irwin were ready to take off from the lunar surface and return to Endeavour , the CSM's orbit had drifted due to the rotation of the Moon, and a plane change burn was required to ensure that the CSM's orbit would be in the same plane as that of the LM once it took off from the Moon.
Worden accomplished the second burn with the SPS. Falcon lifted off the Moon at GMT on August 2 after 66 hours and 55 minutes on the lunar surface.
Docking with the CSM took place just under two hours later. After the jettison, Slayton came on the loop to recommend the astronauts take sleeping pills, or at least that Scott and Irwin do so. Scott as mission commander refused to allow it, feeling there was no need. During the EVAs, the doctors had noticed irregularities in both Scott's and Irwin's heartbeats, but the crew were not informed during the flight.
Irwin had heart problems after retiring as an astronaut and died in of a heart attack; Scott felt that he as commander should have been informed of the biomedical readings. The crew spent the next two days working on orbital science experiments, including more observations of the Moon from orbit and releasing the subsatellite.
As of , it remains one of only three such EVAs, all performed during Apollo's J-missions under similar circumstances. Later that day, the crew set a record for the longest Apollo flight to that point. On approach to Earth on August 7, the service module was jettisoned, and the command module reentered the Earth's atmosphere.
Although one of the three parachutes on the CM failed after deploying, likely due to damage as the spacecraft vented fuel, only two were required for a safe landing one extra for redundancy. Upon landing in the North Pacific Ocean, the CM and crew were recovered and taken aboard the recovery ship, USS Okinawa , after a mission lasting 12 days, 7 hours, 11 minutes and 53 seconds. The mission objectives for Apollo 15 were to "perform selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface features in a pre-selected area of the Hadley—Apennine region.
Emplace and activate surface experiments. Evaluate the capability of the Apollo equipment to provide extended lunar surface stay time, increased extravehicular operations, and surface mobility.
The mission also completed a long list of other tasks, including experiments. One of the photographic objectives, to obtain images of the gegenschein from lunar orbit, was not completed, as the camera was not pointed at the proper spot in the sky. The Apollo system, in addition to providing a means of transportation, excelled as an operational scientific facility. Apollo 15 saw an increase in public interest in the Apollo program, in part due to fascination with the LRV, as well as the attractiveness of the Hadley Rille site and the increased television coverage.
Though subsequent missions travelled further on the Moon, brought back more samples and put the lessons of Apollo 15 into practice, this feat of unalloyed exploration still stands out as a great moment of human achievement. It is remembered still for its combination of competent enthusiasm, magnificent machinery, finely honed science and the grandeur of a very special site in the cosmos beside a meandering rille and graceful, massive mountains — Hadley Base.
After the return to Earth, of the covers were given to Eiermann, who passed them on to Sieger, receiving a commission. After receiving the agreed payments, the astronauts returned them, and accepted no compensation. Another controversy surrounding the Fallen Astronaut statuette that Scott had left on the Moon, arose later.
Before the mission, Scott had made a verbal agreement with Belgian artist Paul Van Hoeydonck to sculpt the statuette. Scott's intent, in keeping with NASA's strict policy against commercial exploitation of the US government's space program, was for a simple memorial with a minimum of publicity, keeping the artist anonymous, no commercial replicas being made except for a single copy for public exhibit at the National Air and Space Museum commissioned after the sculpture's public disclosure during the post-flight press conference.
Van Hoeydonck claims to have had a different understanding of the agreement, by which he would have received recognition as the creator of a tribute to human space exploration, with rights to sell replicas to the public. The Apollo 15 mission patch carries Air Force motifs, a nod to the crew's service there, just as the Apollo 12 all-Navy crew's patch had featured a sailing ship.
The circular patch features stylized red, white and blue birds flying over Hadley Rille. Immediately behind the birds, a line of craters form the Roman numeral XV. The Roman numerals were hidden in emphasized outlines of some craters after NASA insisted that the mission number be displayed in Arabic numerals. While at The Source, she developed the pharmaceutical page to track and analyze state legislation to address rising drug prices.
She also holds an A. This has streamlined and simplified the program for both members and providers, freed up resources for an extensive array of care delivery and value-based payment interventions, and enabled the program to reduce both per member, per month costs and overall spend.
Kate is a graduate of Oberlin College with a B. Her background is in community-based services for older adults, and she is the author of Connecticut Elder Law, a treatise that is republished each year. Both State agencies are responsible for promoting the transparency of health care costs and quality in the State of Maine.
MQF is responsible for improving health care quality in the state. Prior to her current role, Ms. She earned her B. Julia works with ADHS leadership and management on a variety of public health functions as related to oral health and has been in her current position for ten years.
She was responsible for developing the first comprehensive state oral health plan for Arizona. She has over 20 years of experience in various public health settings providing needs assessment, policy development and quality assurance at local, state and national levels. In this position Mr.
Allen is responsible for developing agency-wide goals, objectives and strategies to eliminate health disparities and promote health equity for all Ohio residents.
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Cardenas has played a critical role in the shaping of important health coverage legislation in Maryland including the Maryland Easy Enrollment Health Insurance Program.
Cardenas also manages agency relationships with state and federal legislators and regulatory industries; oversees the implementation and administration of the State Reinsurance Program; and provides end-to-end Free Woodworking Plans Bedside Table Unit management and oversight of carrier relationships ranging from consumer enrollment to experience. He has been with the Maryland Health Benefits Exchange since in a variety of roles before assuming his current position in As Assistant Secretary, Jodi supports the development of health and behavioral health policy in the Commonwealth.
Jason Rachel, Ph. In this role, he is responsible for providing executive leadership in the management and implementation of both current and new integrated care programs.
Rachel directs and oversees all operations, policies, contract compliance and quality monitoring activities within the division to provide high quality, person-centered coordinated care services.
An attorney with extensive experience as a litigator, researcher and advocate, Ms. New Recipes to Control Rx Pricing. She served as legal counsel to the Washington State House of Representatives for twenty years, working on a broad range of health, behavioral health, long term care, human services and criminal justice issues.
Jim provides executive consulting services to technology-enabled companies in the pharmacy services and SaaS space. Heidi has over 20 years of experience working with individuals and families in private practice, group homes, long-term and home health care settings. Thomas in St. After serving one term as a Representative in the Maine House, Heather ran for the State Senate and is currently serving her first term, representing part of Portland and Westbrook, Maine.
A former public school teacher and attorney, Heather now owns and runs Rising Tide Brewing Company with her husband, Nathan, in Portland. Heather and her husband live in Portland with their teenage son. In her role as Section Supervisor, she coordinates the Hawaii Stop Flu at School Program, a school-located influenza vaccination program that conducts annual clinics in over participating schools, statewide.
Gary Cohen has been a pioneer in the environmental health movement for thirty years. He was also instrumental in bringing together the NGOs and hospital systems that formed the Healthier Hospitals Initiative.
All three were created to transform the health care sector to be environmentally sustainable and serve as anchor institutions to support environmental health in their communities. He has helped build coalitions and networks globally to address the environmental health impacts related to toxic chemical exposure and climate change. Cohen is a member of the International Advisory Board of the Sambhavna Clinic in Bhopal, India, which has been working for over 25 years to heal people affected by the Bhopal gas tragedy and to fight for environmental cleanup in Bhopal.
Erica Guimaraes is a program coordinator in the Office of Community Health Workers at the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, where she assists in promoting best practices for CHW integration into health care and public health teams. Stout directs the Suicide Prevention Resource Center SPRC project at EDC, leading a team that provides resources and capacity building services to state and local leaders, health and behavioral health agencies and organizations, federal suicide prevention grantees, and national stakeholders involved in suicide prevention efforts across the country.
She has worked in the suicide prevention field for 12 years, with a focus on building state and tribal suicide prevention workforce and infrastructure capacity for strategic, comprehensive, evidence-informed suicide prevention programs.
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Stout holds a Masters of Science in Health Communication, and has worked with state and local audiences to build capacity in strategic and effective messaging and campaigns for behavior change. Doug has worked in the mental health and substance use disorder field for over 24 years in various capacities as a direct service provider and administrator.
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Doug is passionate about prevention and early intervention and integrating prevention efforts into systems to produce lasting outcomes to reduce risk and increase the well-being of individuals, families, and communities. Within that role, her focus is on person-centered strategy and innovation. A Little More Help Please? Improving Assisted Living. Chan School of Public Health. After voters legalized medical marijuana in Oklahoma through ballot initiative, David was the lead Senate staffer on the bicameral Medical Marijuana Working Group, which held public meetings with experts from the marijuana industry, state agencies, law enforcement, the medical field, the Oklahoma business community and NCSL throughout the summer of to study how best to implement the new medical marijuana program.
David drafted the resulting Oklahoma Medical Marijuana and Patient Protection Act, which created a regulatory framework for the program, as well as various other pieces of legislation relating to medical marijuana. David serves as the Deputy Commissioner of Insurance in Las Vegas, and oversees the consumer services and enforcement sections of the Division.
David also has spent many years as an assistant attorney general, in Vermont and American Samoa, and started his law career in private practice in Florida, where he was board certified in appellate practice, mostly working on behalf of insurance companies. As the programs undergo transformation to even better fit the needs of state and its residents, he is committed to the fundamental goal of improving the health and well-being of all residents.
Richard believes the right way to achieve success is to work closely with stakeholders in all aspects of Medicaid. Richard joined DHHS after leading The Arc of North Carolina, an advocacy and service organization for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, as its Executive Director for 24 years.
She provides support to families, advocates and service providers on family driven care, systems advocacy, and family empowerment. Daphnne provides training and technical assistance to family-run and provider agencies in preparation for the transformation to Medicaid Managed Care.
Daphnne has a B. In his role, Tsai is responsible for ensuring a robust and sustainable MassHealth program that best meets the needs of members. That includes developing new policies, payment models, and operational processes that improve the way health care is delivered to 1. He has significant experience on the design and implementation of innovative, state-wide health care payment systems for Medicaid, Medicare, and Commercial populations, and has worked closely with multiple state Medicaid programs, private payers, and health services companies.
He received a Bachelor of Arts in applied mathematics and economics from Harvard University. Assistant Secretary Tsai lives with his wife and son in Cambridge. Which Way is the Wind Blowing? MCOs at a Crossroads. Prior to OHCS, he worked in a homeless shelter as a housing case manager, for elected officials, and in various levels of government working in different capacities at the nexus of health and housing.
Born and raised in Alaska, Mr. Lasley has 25 years of business management and organizational leadership experience with a passion for elders and promoting public health. Kirk Robins has worked to develop, progress, and implement state-level policy to address prescription drug affordability, and continues to collaborate with other state initiatives to improve legislative approaches to this issue.
In this role, she promotes public health and prevention activities, as well as provides guidance and oversight on a variety of cross-Departmental issues.
She has been active and has served in leadership roles in many local, state, and national pediatric, public health and preventive medicine organizations. Beth Waldman is a Senior Consultant at Bailit Health with national expertise in health care policy, program development and implementation, specializing in Medicaid and CHIP programs and coverage for the uninsured.
Prior to joining Bailit Health, Beth worked for 12 plus years within the Massachusetts Medicaid program and served as the Massachusetts Medicaid Director from — Beth Kuhn is Chief Engagement Officer at the Kentucky Cabinet of Health and Family Services, leading policy and operational efforts to better integrate workforce, health and human service programs. She was until recently Commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Workforce Investment, collaborating with many partners in a system of Kentucky Career Centers providing employment, vocational rehabilitation, veterans, and other workforce services to employer and individual customers.
Prior to her appointment as Commissioner in December of , Beth served as Sector Strategies Director, assisting with the design and implementation of industry sector-based approaches to workforce and economic development. Beth has over 30 years of experience creating and implementing innovative workforce programs. The Maryland Health Care Commission is an independent regulatory agency whose mission is to plan for health system needs, promote informed decision-making, increase accountability, and improve access to health care and health care coverage in Maryland.
This Center has analytic and operational responsibilities for health care practitioner initiatives in the state including development of an All Payer Data Free Woodworking Plans For Bench Seat Online Base and the Patient Centered Medical Home Program. Steffen serves as a spokesperson for the Commission at state and national levels on state health care expenditures, physician work force, physician uncompensated care, and information security.
Before joining the MHCC, he served as a budget analyst in the Health, Housing, and Income Security Division of the Congressional Budget Office, among activities he worked on the modeling that produced the estimates of reforms that ultimately led to the Medicare Prospective Payment System. He is a former Peace Corps volunteer to Nepal. As a California native, Amir earned his B.
W from Columbia University. Alfred has served in various staff and management capacities in private industry, county and state government serving vulnerable populations since Alfred has worked for the Division of Quality Assurance since While in DQA, Alfred has been instrumental in establishing collaborative statewide working relationships with counties, care management organizations, advocates and industry representatives to help improve the quality of care in assisted-living settings.
Knudson has over 25 years of experience implementing and directing public health programs, leading health services and health policy research projects, and evaluating program effectiveness. Her research and policy project findings have informed state, Tribal, and Federal health policy. A lifelong Oklahoman, Ashley has dedicated herself to the people of Oklahoma. Ashley is active in her political party at the state level, recently served as the Speaker of the House of Oklahoma Intercollegiate Legislature, and volunteers with a nationally accredited animal rescue, Tornado Alley Bulldog Rescue.
When she is not saving dogs, Ashley enjoys fishing, reading, and cooking although not at the same time. State Community Health Worker Models. Most funding still comes from the Indian Health Service, with additional tribal, grant, or federal Community Health Center funding. Pursuing Medicaid and health insurance funding streams. Moving to value-based payment creates opportunity for plans to pay for CHWs. CHWs are financed primarily through grants or core budget funding.
CA Currently, health plans, community-based organizations, and other employers of CHWs generally pay for them through grant funding or operating funds CHW work group report p.
A of this June report. FL CHWs are hired by community-based organizations, universities especially those conducting research on disparities and population-based approaches to dealing with health equity , FQHCs, and Medicaid managed care organizations.
Hiring at community-based organizations and universities depends on grant availability. HI Not currently. However, in the year that the program has been in place, no PCPs have opted to implement CHWs into their care coordination model as of June KY Mostly funded through grants or organizations large enough to absorb the costs i. MD CHWs are financed primarily through grant funding. MA CHW positions are funded primarily through grants and health system operating and healthcare transformation funds.
Additional sources include federal, state and local governments; health plans; and private and non-profit funding. Pursuant to the payment reform law Chapter , ACOs can pay for CHWs as part of multidisciplinary care teams in a global fee structure. MI In its Medicaid managed care contract , the state requires health plans to maintain a ratio of at least one full-time CHW per 20, covered lives; provide or arrange for the provision of CHW or peer-support specialist services to enrollees with behavioral health issues and complex physical co-morbidities; and establish a reimbursement methodology for CHW work that promotes behavioral health integration.
Many health plans have contracted with programs that do asthma trigger reduction work with CHWs as well as other work. The state Medicaid program also reimburses CHWs on a fee-for-service basis as well as via managed care plan payments. CHWs also provide mental health patient education and care coordination pursuant to a Medicaid state plan amendment.
MS Private funding sources. In addition, Medicaid reimburses for home-based asthma services. The model used a care coordination approach involving frontier Community Access Hospital communities. Of the 16 current projects, 10 include CHWs in some capacity. There is additional funding available from other offices and programs within DHHS, but it varies from year to year. It is also affected by a variety of other factors e. NH CHWs are primarily grant-funded.
CHW salaries, training, and service costs are MCO administrative costs and embedded in capitated rates paid to Medicaid managed care organizations. OH Not currently. CCOs currently provide care within Medicaid, but are being expanded to other groups. CHWs must be certified to qualify for Medicaid reimbursement.
A health professional must supervise a CHW in order for Medicaid to reimburse for services provided. CHW programs at behavioral health organizations are funded primarily through Medicaid. Medicaid managed care organizations consider CHW expenditures as clinical care costs. RI CHW positions in Rhode Island are grant-funded, incorporated into the operating budgets, and through bundled services i. Some CHWs may bill services under a portion of their jobs specific licensure or services approved for reimbursement.
SD No information at this time. Clinics and hospitals use waiver funds to hire CHWs. UT Primarily grant funded; grants usually received by community-based organizations. AL No state approval process for training programs or curricula. Four regional training centers. Requirements vary based on level of practice. CA No state approval process for training programs or curricula.
CO Two health navigator training programs are available but are not required or certified by the state. DC DC does not approve training programs or curricula. DE The CHW sub-committee recommends the establishment of a Curriculum Development Committee and two entry points for training for high school students and non-high school students.
GA No state approval process for training programs or curricula. IA No state approval process for training programs or curricula. ID There is no state approval process for educational programs or curricula. KS No state approval process for training programs or curricula. KY There is no state approval process for training programs or curricula, although the Kentucky Homeplace program requires instruction and internship. LA The state approves a statewide training program for peer support specialists.
The Louisiana Community Health Worker Training Institute offers a core competency training program that is not state approved.
ME CHW core curriculum training is supported by the state. Training provided by employers or tied to specific projects. MD No state approval process for training programs or curricula. MA Core CHW training is offered by community-based organizations, a local health department, a university school of public health, and community colleges.
Training programs address ten core competencies. MN Minnesota Medicaid recognizes the state-wide standardized, competency-based educational program based in accredited post-secondary school; overseen by MN State Colleges and Universities System.
MS No state approval process for training programs and curricula. MO CHW certificate training programs are provided at local community colleges. Core competencies include communication, organization and resources, life style choices, cultural beliefs and healthcare, legal and ethical considerations, and employability skills.
Through federal funding, tuition reimbursement is available for individuals enrolling in the training program. NC No state approval process for training programs or curricula. ND No state approval process for training programs Free Woodworking Bench Plans or curricula. NDHHS offers patient navigation training for CHWs which includes a full-day, face-to-face training; then 10 weeks of computer-based learning; a second full-day face-to-face training; plus a practicum. OH Training program must be state approved; at least hours of classroom instruction and hours of clinical instruction, standard training exam.
OK No state approval process for training programs or curricula. Core competencies include outreach and mobilization; community liaising; care management, care coordination, and system navigation; and health promotion and coaching. CHWs are trained in lead prevention and asthma trigger reduction. The standardized training will be implemented during the first quarter of VT No state approval process for training programs or curricula.
CHW receives a certification of completion. WV No state approval process for training programs or curricula. AL Not required by the state. Certification is necessary for Medicaid reimbursement pursuant to the SPA. AZ Four voluntary certificate programs administered by community colleges and one nonprofit training center.
Certificate programs do not necessarily constitute certification. AR Not required by the state. CA Not required by the state. CO Not required by the state. Stakeholders are working toward voluntary credentialing through the state.
CT Public Act No. DC Not currently required. IA Not required by the state. ID Not required by the state. KS Not required by the state. LA Not required by the state. ME Not required by the state. MD Not required. For the first three years that certification is available, there will be a grandparenting period. Approved CHW continuing education will be required for renewal every two years. MI Not required by the state.
MT Not required by the state; under discussion. NC Not required by the state. ND Not required by the state. NE Not currently. NH Not required by the state. NM Certification is voluntary and through Department of Health. Applicants must complete a Department-approved training program and demonstrate proficiency in CHW core competencies. NV Not required by the state. NY Not currently. OH Board of Nursing issues and renews certificates biennially; continuing education required.
Individuals must be at least 18 years old, have a high school diploma, complete the CHW training program, and pass criminal background check. CHW must be supervised by a health professional and is restricted from performing services requiring a professional license. OK Not required by the state. OR Encouraged but not required for employment. CHWs can apply for certification after completing a state-approved training program.
PA Not required by the state. Certification is not mandatory. The Rhode Island Department of Health endorses, promotes and supports certification. SC The state does not grant certification, but training and certification are a part of each individual program throughout the state. SD Students in the Community Healthcare Worker program will be able to earn a certificate after completing six months of the month program.
Certification is for 2 years. DSHS reviews and approves all certification, training and continuing education. There are two CHW certification pathways in Texas: experience or training. UT Not required by the state. VT Not required by the state. WA Not required by the state.
WI Not required by the state. WV Not required by the state. Prohibits CHWs from performing services requiring a professional license. The Workgroup completed its final report in June The law does not provide for individual CHW certification or licensing.
HB requires OHA to adopt rules and procedures for the training and certification of health workers to provide oral disease prevention services. Commission must make recommendations for increasing diversity of health care workforce, which may include recruitment, training and employment of CHWs.
The sub-committee released its report in June This section will develop as a statewide association. A state CHW task force published its recommendations to the state in For a compilation of survey responses pertaining specifically to CHW home visiting activities to improve the home environment, such as to reduce asthma triggers or prevent lead poisoning, please click here.
AL Not defined by the state. CHWs in AZ provide preventive services, such as chronic disease management and health education.
They also provide preventive services related to the home environment e. The agency also defines the role of the health navigator. This includes services related to improving the home environment e. CHWs also conduct home visits to address various issues, including those related to improving the home environment e.
FL Not defined by the state. CHWs conduct home visits to address conditions such as asthma or medication therapy management, as well as through the DOH Healthy Start program.
As of June , there is a project out of the DOH Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention to work with Medicaid managed care agencies to expand the use of CHWs in their asthma programming, including preventive services related to reducing asthma triggers. Some CHW programs include home visiting as part of their activities, and CHWs provide preventive services related to reducing asthma triggers.
IA Not defined by the state. They may provide preventive services related to the home environment e. KY Kentucky Homeplace CHWs provide education on disease prevention and self-management, and aim to connect beneficiaries to health care and health—related services, and address health disparities. There is a county CHW home visitation program that focuses on chronic disease self-management, and CHWs are trained in techniques for reducing asthma triggers.
LA Not defined by the state. The state has defined CHW roles. CHWs employed by the Maine Mobile Health Program work in homes, where appropriate, during the course of care coordination.
CHWs may also provide health education related to the home environment in the home e. CHWs in MA provide preventive services to improve the home environment, including those related to asthma, lead poisoning, and falls prevention. Many CHWs conduct home visits as part of their programs or job duties, but these do not typically include preventive services to improve the home environment e.
CHWs in Minnesota provide diagnosis-related patient education, health promotion, and disease management. Some programs use CHWs to provide preventive services to improve the home environment e. MS CHWs provide education on health conditions and medication adherence, help navigate the health system, and connect individuals to resources. They also provide education on prevention of asthma triggers or environmental hazards during home visits.
They also work to improve the home environment e. NC Not defined by the state. CHWs in NC incorporate home visits into their activities, including those related to improving the home environment e. ND Not defined by the state. Section Demonstration waiver identifies CHWs as part of the health and behavioral health workforce.
CHWs in NH conduct home visits and provide preventive services related to the home environment, such as reducing asthma triggers or preventing lead poisoning. NJ Not defined by the state. Centennial Care contracts define CHWs as lay members of communities who work either for pay or as volunteers in association with the local health care system in Tribal, Urban, Frontier, and Rural areas and usually share ethnicity, language, socioeconomic status and life experiences with the Members they serve.
There are frontline CHWs that work with individuals in their homes and also do home visits, providing care coordination and health risk assessment. This includes preventive services to improve the home environment e.
CHWs work in different settings throughout Nevada including, federally qualified health centers, non-profit organizations, clinical settings, schools, food bank, state programs, and hospitals. NY CHW Program serves communities with high rates of infant mortality, out-of-wedlock births, late or no prenatal care, teen pregnancies and births, and births to low-income women.
OK Not defined by the state. CHWs working in community-based organizations provide in-home services, including preventive services related to improving the home environment e. CHWs may provide in-home services, such as nutrition education, home health and safety assessments, and prevention education.
They enhance the cultural and linguistic appropriateness of care; advocate for the socioeconomic, environmental, and political rights of individuals and their communities; and link people to needed health information and services. SC Not defined by the state. CHWs may provide in-home services, including preventive services related to home safety. CHWs are employed by a variety of organizations, including clinics, hospitals, health or social service nonprofits, area health education centers, schools or universities, local health departments, health plans, and others.
Certified promotoras in South Texas colonias provide education related to reduction of asthma triggers in the home. VT As part of Community Health Teams , CHWs assist patients with insurance applications, following treatment plans, managing stress, and working toward personal wellness or disease-management goals. CHWs may accompany patients to appointments, help find transportation or childcare, and provide in-home services, including preventive services related to improving the home environment.
VA CHWs work in a variety of community settings, partnering to carry out one or more of the following roles: providing culturally appropriate health education and information, linking people to services, providing direct services including informal counseling and social support , advocating for individual and community needs, and building individual and community capacity.
Some CHWs in Virginia conduct home visits and provide preventive services; some conduct outreach. CHW participating in Health Homes provide administrative support for the Health Home Care Coordinator, such as mailing health promotion material, arranging for beneficiary transportation to appointments, and calling the beneficiary to facilitate face-to-face Health Home visits with the Care Coordinator.
In general, CHWs may provide in-home services, including preventive services related to improving the home environment. WI Follows the seven roles for CHWs: case management and care coordination; community-cultural liaison; health promotion and health coaching; home-based support; outreach and community mobilization; participatory research; and system navigation.
CHWs conduct home visits and provide preventive services related to the home environment, such as reducing asthma triggers or preventing lead poisoning. Targeted case managers may provide in-home services, but these do not typically include preventive services to improve the home environment e. Sign Up for Our Weekly Newsletter. This form needs Javascript to display, which your browser doesn't support.
Sign up here instead. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Washington, DC Office: 20th St. Contact Us Phone: Develop sustainable cross-agency financing. Under the waiver, five independent pilot programs are currently being implemented. The state is exploring use of i Medicaid authority to implement the remaining approved pilot programs, including a tenancy support project to support individuals at risk of institutionalization and homelessness.
Compiled information from a state-operated facility to inform interventions for super-utilizer groups in Chicago. CSH provided education and TA with a particular focus on supporting individuals living with developmental disabilities.
This population remains a priority for the Illinois team. Facilitated five rounds of funding for supportive housing developments of 25 units or less through the Permanent Supportive Housing Development Program, with approximately units approved per round.
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