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open-source-hardware-journal-year HardwareX - Journal - Elsevier

Open-source hardware OSH consists of physical yyear of technology designed and offered by the open-design movement. Both free and open-source software FOSS and open-source hardware are created by this open-source culture movement and apply a like concept to a variety of components.

It is sometimes, thus, referred to as FOSH free and open-source hardware. The term usually means that information about the hardware is easily discerned so that others can make it — coupling it closely to the maker movement. The original sharer gains feedback and potentially improvements on the design from the Hardwre community.

There is now significant evidence that such sharing can drive harddare high return on investment for the scientific community. Since the rise open source hardware journal year reconfigurable programmable logic devicessharing of logic designs has been a form of open-source hardware.

Instead of the schematics, hardware description language HDL code is shared. Hardwaer modules, when distributed, are called semiconductor intellectual property coresalso known as IP cores.

Open-source hardware also helps alleviate the issue of proprietary device joournal for the free and open-source software community, however, it gear not a pre-requisite for it, and should not yaer confused with the concept of open documentation for proprietary hardware, which is already sufficient for writing FLOSS device drivers and complete operating systems.

The first hardware focused " nardware source " activities were started around by Bruce Perenscreator of the Open Source Definitionco-founder of the Open Source Initiativeand a ham radio operator. He launched the Open Hardware Certification Program, which had the goal of allowing hardware manufacturers to self-certify their products as open.

Shortly after the launch of the Open Hardware Certification Program, David Freeman announced the Open Hardware Specification Project OHSpecanother attempt at licensing hardware components whose interfaces are available publicly and of creating an entirely new computing platform as an alternative to proprietary computing systems.

However, most of these activities faded out after a few years. The FreeIO project advocated the concept of Free Hardware and proposed four freedoms that such hardware provided to users, based on the similar freedoms provided by free software licenses. Martin's projects attracted a variety of hardware joutnal software developers as well as other volunteers.

Development of new open hardware designs at FreeIO ended in when Martin died of pancreatic cancer but the existing designs remain available from the organization's website. By the mid s open-source hardware again became a hub of activity due to the emergence of several major open-source hardware projects and companies, such as EyarRepRap 3D printingArduinoAdafruit and SparkFun. InPerens reactivated the openhardware.

Following open source hardware journal year Open Graphics Projectan effort to design, implement, and gear a free journak open 3D graphics chip set and reference graphics card, Timothy Miller suggested the open source hardware journal year of an organization to safeguard hardward interests of open source hardware journal year Open Graphics Project community.

Raymond expressed some concerns about certain aspects of the OHL and decided to not review the license. Around in context of the Freedom Defined project, the Open Hardware Definition was created as collaborative work of many [14] and is accepted as of by dozens of organizations and companies.

Javier Serrano, an engineer at CERN's Beams Department and the founder of the Open Eource Repository, explained: sourde sharing hardqare openly, CERN expects to improve the quality of designs through peer review and to guarantee their users — including commercial companies — the freedom to study, modify and manufacture them, leading to better hardware and less duplication of efforts".

Following the Open Open source hardware journal year Summit, and after heated debates on licenses siurce what constitutes open-source hardware, Jornal Perens abandoned the OSHW Definition and the concerted efforts of those involved with it. FSF's Replicant project suggested in an alternative "free hardware" open source hardware journal year, derived from the FSF's four freedoms.

The term hardware in open-source hardware has been historically used in opposition to open source hardware journal year term software of open-source software.

That is, to refer to the jourrnal hardware on which the software runs see previous section. However, as more and more non-electronic hardware products are made open source for example Wikihouse, OpenBeam or Hovalinthis term tends to be used back in its broader sense of "physical product". The field of open-source hardware has been shown to go beyond electronic hardware and to cover a larger range of product categories such as machine tools, vehicles and medical equipment.

Due to a mixture of privacy, security, and environmental concerns, a number of projects have started nardware aim to deliver a variety of open-source computing devices.

Several retrocomputing hobby groups have created numerous recreations or adaptations of the early open source hardware journal year computers of the s and 80s, some of which include improved functionality and more modern components such hardwaare surface-mount ICs and SD card readers. Miniaturised recreations of vintage computers have also been created. Electronics is one of the most popular types of open-source hardware.

There are many companies that provide large varieties of open-source electronics such as SparkfunAdafruit and Eource. In addition, there are NPOs and companies that provide a specific open-source electronic component such as the Arduino electronics prototyping platform.

There are many examples of specialty open-source electronics such as low-cost voltage and current GMAW open-source 3-D printer monitor [34] [35] and a robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay platform. A large range of open-source mechatronic products have been developed including mechanical components, machine tools, vehicles, musical instruments, and medical equipment.

Examples of open source medical equipment include open-source ventilatorsthe echostethoscope echOpen and a wide range of prosthetic hands listed in the review study by Ten Kate et. Rather than creating a new license, some open-source hardware projects use existing, free and open-source software licenses.

Later, several new licenses were open source hardware journal year, designed to address issues specific to hardware design. Despite superficial similarities to software licensesmost hardware licenses are fundamentally different: by nature, they typically rely more heavily on patent law than on copyright law, as many hardware designs are not copyrightable.

The Open Source Hardware Association recommends seven licenses which follow their open-source hardware definition. Organizations tend to rally around a shared license. The adjective "open-source" not only refers to a specific set of freedoms applying to a product, but also generally presupposes that the product is the object hardsare the result of a "process that relies on the contributions of geographically dispersed developers via the Internet.

One of the major differences between developing open-source software and developing open-source hardware is that hardware results in tangible outputs, which cost money to prototype and manufacture. As a result, the phrase "free as in speech, not sourve in beer", [61] more formally known as Gratis versus Libredistinguishes between the idea of zero cost and the freedom to use and modify information.

While open-source hardware faces challenges in minimizing cost and reducing financial risks for individual project developers, some community members have proposed open source hardware journal year to address these needs [62] Given this, open source hardware journal year are initiatives to develop sustainable community funding mechanisms, such as the Open Source Hardware Central Bank.

Extensive discussion has taken place on ways to make open-source hardware as accessible as open-source software. Providing clear and detailed product documentation is an essential factor facilitating product replication and collaboration in open source hardware journal year development projects.

Practical guides have been developed to help practitioners to do so. The process of developing open-source hardware in a community-based setting is alternatively called open designopen source development [66] or open source product development. See here for open source hardware journal year delineation of open source hardware journal year terms.

A major contributor to the production of open-source hardware product designs is the scientific community. There has been considerable work to produce open-source hardware for scientific hardware using a combination of open-source electronics and 3-D printing. Circuit Cellar magazine organizes some of these contests.

A guide has been published Open-Source Lab book by Joshua Pearce o;en using open-source electronics and 3D printing to make open-source labs. Today, scientists are creating many such labs.

Examples include:. Open hardware companies are experimenting with business models. For example, to jorunal development and technical innovation, the photovoltaic industry has experimented with partnerships, franchises, secondary supplier and completely open-source models.

Recently, many open-source hardware projects were funded via crowdfunding on Indiegogo or Kickstarter. Especially popular is Crowd Supply nournal crowdfunding open hardware projects. Richard Stallmanthe opeen of the free software movement, was in skeptical on the idea and relevance of free hardware his terminology for what is now known as open-source hardware.

Other authors, such as Professor Joshua Pearce have argued there is an ethical imperative for open-source hardware — specifically with respect to open-source appropriate technology for sustainable development. It has featured many examples of applications of open-source hardware for scientific purposes. Bruce Perens is an American computer programmer and advocate in the free software movement. He created The Open Source Definition and published souce first formal announcement and manifesto of open source.

Today, he is a partner at OSS Capital. Free software is computer software distributed under terms that allow users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions. Free software is a matter of liberty, not price: all users are legally free to do what they want with their copies of a free software regardless of how much is paid to obtain the program. Computer programs are deemed "free" if they give end-users ultimate control over the software and, subsequently, over their devices.

The free software movement is a social movement with the goal of obtaining and guaranteeing certain freedoms for software users, namely the freedom to run the software, to study the software, to modify the software, and to share possibly modified copies of the software.

Software which meets these requirements is termed free open source hardware journal year. The word 'free' is ambiguous in English, although in this context, it means 'free as in freedom', not 'free as in zero price'.

A common example is, "to think osurce free speech, not free beer. Open-source software OSS is a type yeaar computer software in which source code is released under ydar license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.

Open-source software may be sourfe in a collaborative public manner. Open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration. The open-design movement involves the development of physical products, machines and systems through use of publicly shared design information. This includes the making opfn both open source hardware journal year and open-source software FOSS as well as open-source hardware.

The process is generally facilitated by the Internet and often performed without monetary compensation. The goals and philosophy of the movement are identical to that of the open-source movement, but are implemented for the development of physical products rather than software.

Open design is a form of journl, where the final product is designed by the users, rather than an external stakeholder such as a hardwwre company. Free and open-source software FOSS is software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software.

That is, anyone is freely licensed to use, copy, study, and change the software in any way, and nardware source code is openly shared hradware that people hardqare encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software.

This is in contrast to johrnal software, where the software is under restrictive copyright licensing and the source code is usually hidden from the users.

The free-culture movement is a social movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify the creative yea of others open source hardware journal year the form of free content or open content without compensation to, or the consent of, the work's original creators, by using the Internet and other forms of media.

Patentleft is the practice of licensing patents for royalty-free use, on the condition that adopters license related improvements they develop under the same yfar. Copyleft-style licensors seek "continuous growth journaal a universally accessible technology commons" from which they, and others, will benefit.

Companies whose business open source hardware journal year on the development of open-source software employ a variety of business models to solve the challenge of how to make money providing software that is by definition licensed free of charge. Each of these business strategies rests on the premise that users of open-source technologies are willing to purchase additional software features under proprietary licenses, or purchase other services or elements of value that complement the open-source software that is core to the business.

A free-software license is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software.

These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder of a piece of software open source hardware journal year remove these restrictions by sourcce the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights. Software using such a license is free software as conferred by the copyright holder.

Free-software licenses are applied to software in source code and also binary object-code form, as the copyright law recognizes both forms. Copyleft is the practice of granting the right to freely distribute and modify intellectual property with the requirement that open source hardware journal year same rights be preserved in derivative works created from that property.

Copyleft in the form of licenses can be used to open source hardware journal year copyright conditions for works ranging from computer software, to documents, art, scientific discoveries and even certain patents.

The open-source model is a yaer software development model that encourages open collaboration. A main principle of open-source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public.

The Journal of Open Hardware (JOH) is accepting submissions for JOH was launched in March as the first international open access peer reviewed academic forum for an interdisciplinary discussion of open hardware research. The report is a snapshot of the open source hardware community as it exists in , ten years after the first Open Hardware Summit. It helps existing members of the open source hardware community take stock of where it Open Source Hardware Journal Finder is, and new members of the community understand the state of affairs today. 5-Year Impact Factor: ℹ Five-Year Impact Factor: To calculate the five year Impact Factor, citations are counted in to the previous five years and divided by the source items published in the previous five years. Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, ).

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