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Where is the point of restart in the cycle--at the initial step, a random step or the point of shutdown? Look for the inappropriate duplication of steps in the resumption of the process. The time it takes to resume a computerized process or switch to manual processing can be critical, especially where failure to maintain process conditions for a set time e.
Therefore, note recovery time for delay-sensitive processes and investigate instances where excessive delays compromise product quality or where established time limits 21 CFR Many systems have the ability to be run manually in the event of computer shutdown. It is important that such back-up manual systems provide adequate process control and documentation. Determine if back-up manual controls valves, gates, etc.
Records of manual operations may be less detailed, incomplete, and prone to error, compared to computerized documentation, especially when they are seldom exercised. Therefore, determine how manual operations are documented and if the information recorded manually conforms with CGMP requirements.
In general, the hardware of a computer system is considered to be equipment within the meaning of the CGMP regulations. Therefore those sections of the regulations which address equipment apply to hardware. For example, the following apply:. In general, software is regarded as records or standard operating procedures instructions within the meaning of the CGMP regulations and the corresponding sections of the CGMP regulations apply, for example:.
In some cases it may be reasonable to copy a disk or tape whereas in other cases it might not, particularly where we would have to physically remove the disk or tape from the establishment in order to copy it.
Consider the analogy of removing an entire file cabinet so that we can copy five pieces of paper. We believe that, rather than copy an entire disk or tape ourselves, it is preferable to have the firm generate hard copies of only those portions of the disk or tape which we need to document.
There are several factors which must be considered on a case by case basis in determining what is reasonable in accessing a firm's computer. For example, the effect on drug production is a factor; specifically, if the process of running a program disrupts drug production in an adverse manner then that would be unreasonable.
Another factor is whether or not our manipulations give us access to unauthorized information; the data we may be searching with a program may contain some information we are not entitled to review such as financial data.
Consider also that some computer programs are protected by copyright and carefully licensed to software users; thus, we would not be able to copy and use such programs without prior approval of their owners. Return to: Page Top Inspection Start. A switch pattern which identifies the location of a piece of data or a program step.
A systematic procedure or equation designed to lead to the solution of a problem in a finite number of steps. Continuous signal having a voltage which corresponds to the monitored value. Term used to describe software written to perform tasks on a computer. American Standard Code for Information change; a system used to translate keyboard characters into bits.
Program which translates assembly code to executable machine code; e. Symbolics, a simple language; different computers have different assembly codes. Term used to describe the exchange of information piece by piece rather than in long segments. The rate at which data is received or transmitted in serial: one baud is one bit per second. Binary Digit; the smallest unit of information in a computer, represented as 0 or 1, off or on for a switch.
An initialization program used to set up the computer when it is turned on. A sequence of adjacent bits, usually eight, operated upon as a unit; the lowest addressable unit in a computer. Program which translates a computer language into executable machine code. A compiler translates an entire program before the program is run by the computer.
Control Program for Microcomputers; a registered trademark of Digital Research; an operating system. Central processing unit of a computer where the logic circuitry is located; the CPU controls the entire computer; it sends and receives data through input-output channels, retrieves data from memory and conducts all program processes.
A circular rotating magnetic storage device. Disks come in different sizes and can be hard or flexible. Erasable programmable read only memory: switch pattern in circuit can be erased by exposure to ultraviolet light. Set of related records treated as a unit, stored on tape or disk; synonymous with data set. The base 16 number system.
This is a convenient form in which to examine binary data because it collects 4 binary digits per hexadecimal digit. Decimal 15 is in binary and F in hexadecimal. Small wafers of silicon etched or printed with extremely small electronic switching circuits; also called CHIPS. An application in which each entry calls forth a response from a system or program, as in a ticket reservation system.
A device which permits two or more devices to communicate with each other. A program which translates a high level language into machine code one instruction at a time. Each instruction in the high level language is executed before the next instruction is interpreted.
Symbol representing two to the tenth power, , usually used to describe amounts of computer memory, and disk storage, in bytes. Any symbolic communication media used to furnish information to a computer.
A program which copies other programs from external to internal storage. Numerial representations directly executable by a computer; sometimes called machine language. A CRT display listing a number of options. Sometimes used to denote a list of programs. Usually a single integrated circuit on a chip; logic circuitry of a microcomputer; frequently synonymous with a microcomputer.
A microprocessor executes encoded instructions to perform arithmetic operations, internal data transfer, and communications with external devices. Modulator - demodulation, a device which accepts data from a computer, and sends data to a computer, over telephone wires or cables. A device which takes information from any of several sources and places it on a single line.
A system that ties together several remotely located computers via telecommunications. Set of machine language programs that run accessories, perform commands and interpret or translate high level language program usually written into the ROM. Term to describe transmission of data eight bits one byte at a time. Most electrical wire is covered in a rubber or plastic coating called insulation. The purpose of insulation covering the metal part of an electrical wire is to prevent accidental contact with other conductors of electricity , which might result in an unintentional electric current through those other conductors.
Not only is this question practical from the standpoint of understanding circuit function, but also from the perspective of electrical safety. Why is it important for wires to be insulated? Are overhead power lines insulated like the wires used in classroom projects? Why or why not? How were electrical wires insulated before the advent of modern plastics technology? In the early days of electrical wiring, wires used to be insulated with cotton.
This is no longer accepted practice. Explain why. This question affords the opportunity to discuss electrical safety with regard to clothing often made of cotton. Does dry clothing offer insulation to electricity like the old-style cotton wire insulation? Can cotton clothing be trusted to insulate you safely from hazardous voltage?
Electrical wire is often rated according to its cross-sectional diameter by a gauge scale. Which is the larger-diameter wire size, 14 gauge or 8 gauge? For students familiar with shotguns, the methodology of the wire gauge scale makes sense. What type of information is contained in this set of standards? The NEC contains standards regarding the installation of electrical power circuits primarily , but also communications and control circuitry.
It is the predominant reference for construction electrical work of all types. However, you should challenge them to look deeper into an NEC book and discover the wealth of information contained therein.
It is important that students know where to look for information like this, because they will surely come across unique wire types in their later experience, and will need to know how to identify the wire. What is meant by the ampacity rating of a wire?
What criteria establish the ampacity rating of any given wire? Be sure to ask your students what resource s proved helpful in researching the answer to this question. Being essentially a safety issue, there are several industry publications on electrical safety regulations that may prove informative. This question connects several important principles together: physical ratings of materials, power dissipation in metallic conductors, and electrical safety.
Examine the following American Wire Gauge table. Please note that most of the odd-numbered gauges have been omitted, because the even-numbered gauges tend to be more common:.
How many gauge numbers must you increase to approximately double the diameter of any given wire gauge? What effect does the doubling of diameter have on the cross-sectional area of the wire? Wire diameter approximately doubles once for every six wire gauge sizes.
Cross-sectional area quadruples for the same wire gauge interval. Area in circular mils for each AWG size was calculated from the given diameter. This time, however, we've added a potentiometer back into the circuit. Open the Serial Monitor. The value being read by the light sensor should be printed several times a second. When you turn out the lights or cover the sensor, the LED will shine whatever color your programmed in your color function.
Next to the light value, you'll see the potentiometer value print out as well. In Project 2, you will venture into the world of buttons and buzzers while building your own Simon Says game! Simon Says is a game in which the LEDs flash a pattern of red, green, yellow and blue blinks, and the user must recreate the pattern using color-coded buttons before the timer runs out.
Each of the components listed below will be described in more detail as you progress through each circuit. Each of the concepts listed below will be described in more detail as you progress through each circuit. In this circuit, you'll use the RedBoard and a small buzzer to make music, and you'll learn how to program your own songs using arrays.
The buzzer uses a small magnetic coil to vibrate a metal disc inside a plastic housing. By pulsing electricity through the coil at different rates, different frequencies pitches of sound can be produced. Attaching a potentiometer to the output allows you to limit the amount of current moving through the buzzer and lower its volume. The RedBoard has a built-in reset button. This button will reset the board and start the code over from the beginning, running what is in setup and then loop.
To control the buzzer, you will use the tone function. This function is similar to PWM in that it generates a wave that is of a certain frequency on the specified pin.
The frequency and duration can both be passed to the tone function when calling it. To turn the tone off, you need to call noTone or pass a duration of time for it to play and then stop.
Unlike PWM, tone can be used on any digital pin. Arrays are used like variables, but they can store multiple values. The simplest array is just a list. Imagine that you want to store the frequency for each note of the C major scale. We could make seven variables and assign a frequency to each one, or we could use an array and store all seven in the same array, as shown below. To refer to a specific value in the array, an index number is used.
Arrays are indexed from 0. The buzzer is polarized. To see which leg is positive and which is negative, flip the buzzer over and look at the markings underneath. Keep track of which pin is where, as they will be hard to see once inserted into the breadboard. All of the circuits in Project 2 make use of a potentiometer as a rudimentary volume knob.
Notice that only two of the potentiometer's legs are used in these circuits. In these instances, the potentiometer is acting as a variable resistor, limiting the amount of current flowing to the speaker and thus affecting the volume as you turn the knob. This is similar to the current-limiting resistor used to limit current to the LED in circuit 1A only this time the resistance is variable.
When the program begins, a song will play from the buzzer once. To replay the song, press the reset button on the RedBoard. Use the potentiometer to adjust the volume.
Most often momentary switches are best used for intermittent user-input cases: reset button and keypad buttons. Note that the different colors are just aesthetic.
All of the buttons included behave the same no matter their color. Number systems are the methods we use to represent numbers. The base-2 system, otherwise known as binary , is common when dealing with computers and electronics. And so, almost all electronics rely on a base-2 number system to store and manipulate numbers. In circuit 1A, you worked with digital outputs.
This circuit focuses on digital inputs. Digital inputs are great for determining if a button has been pressed or if a switch has been flipped. The most common place you will see a pull-up resistor is when working with buttons.
A pull-up resistor keeps the button in one state until it is pressed. The RedBoard has built-in pull-up resistors, but they can also be added to a circuit externally.
This circuit uses the internal pull-up resistors, covered in more detail in the Code to Note section. Buttons are not polarized. However, they do merit a closer look.
Buttons make momentary contact from one connection to another, so why are there four legs on each button? The answer is to provide more stability and support to the buttons in your breadboard circuit. Each row of legs is connected internally. When the button is pressed, one row connects to the other, making a connection between all four pins.
Different tones will play when you press different keys. Turning the potentiometer will adjust the volume. The Simon Says game uses LEDs to flash a pattern, which the player must remember and repeat using four buttons. The classic Simon game has been a hit since the s. Now you can build your own! For loops repeat a section of code a set number of times.
The for loop takes three parameters in the brackets, separated by semicolons. The first parameter is the start value. In this case, integer i starts at 0. The second value is the stop condition. The final parameter is an increment value. This loop would repeat five times. Each time it would run the code in between the brackets, which prints the value of i to the serial monitor.
The RedBoard has a built-in clock that keeps accurate time. You can use the millis command to see how many milliseconds have passed since the RedBoard was last powered. By storing the time when an event happens and then subtracting the current time, you can measure the number of milliseconds and thus seconds that have passed.
This sketch uses this function to set a time limit for repeating the pattern. This sketch uses several user-defined functions. These functions perform operations that are needed many times in the program for example, reading which button is currently pressed or turning all of the LEDs off. Functions are essential to make more complex programs readable and compact. The circuit will flash all of the LEDs and play a melody.
After a few seconds, it will flash the first light in the pattern. If you repeat the pattern correctly by pressing the corresponding colored button, then the game will move to the next round and add another color to the pattern sequence. If you make a mistake, the loss melody will play. If you get to round 10, the win melody will play.
Press any button to start a new game. Tired of your cat walking all over the kitchen counter? How about the dog getting into the garbage? Need a way to stop your little brother from sneaking into your bedroom? Learn how to protect against all of these annoyances as you build a multipurpose alarm. The alarm detects distance and motion using an ultrasonic distance sensor, and creates motion using a servo motor.
In this circuit, you will learn how to wire a servo and control it with code. Servo motors can be told to move to a specific position and stay there. Low-cost servo motors were originally used to steer remote-controlled airplanes and cars, but they have become popular for any project where precise movement is needed.
Regular DC motors have two wires. When you hook the wires up to power, the motor spins around and around. Servo motors , on the other hand, have three wires: one for power, one for ground and one for signal. When you send the right signal through the signal wire, the servo will move to a specific angle and stay there. The Pulse Width Modulation PWM hardware available on a microcontroller is a great way to generate servo control signals.
When talking about how long a PWM signal is on, this is referred to as duty cycle. Duty cycle is measured in percentage. The percentage of duty cycle specifically describes the percentage of time a digital signal is on over an interval or period of time.
The variation in the duty cycle tells the servo which position to go to in its rotation. Writing code that sends precise PWM signals to the servo would be time consuming and would require a lot more knowledge about the servo. Luckily, the Arduino IDE has hundreds of built-in and user-submitted containers of code that are called libraries. One of the built-in libraries, the Servo Library , allows us to control a servo with just a few lines of code!
To use one of the built-in Arduino libraries, all you have to do is "include" a link to its header file. A header file is a smaller code file that contains definitions for all the functions used in that library.
By adding a link to the header file in your code, you are enabling your code to use all of those library functions. To use the Servo Library, you would add the following line to the top of your sketch. Objects look a lot like variables, but they can do much more. Objects can store values, and they can have their own functions, which are called methods.
The write method takes one parameter, a number from 0 to , and moves the servo arm to the specified position in this case, degree Why would we want to go to the trouble of making an object and a method instead of just sending a servo control signal directly over a pin?
First, the servo object does the work of translating our desired position into a signal that the servo can read. Second, using objects makes it easy for us to add and control more than one servo.
Servo motor connectors are polarized, but there is no place to attach them directly. Instead, connect three jumper wires to the female 3-pin header on the servo. This will make it so you can connect the servo to the breadboard. Included with your servo motor you will find a variety of motor mounts that connect to the shaft of your servo.
You may choose to attach any mount you wish for this circuit. It will serve as a visual aid, making it easier to see the servo spin. The mounts will also come in handy at the end of this project. The various motor mounts included with your servo motor. Stick the other half anywhere on the breadboard baseplate you want.
Firmly press the bottom of the servo to the baseplate to temporarily adhere the two pieces of Dual Lock together. This will help stabilize the servo motor as it moves about.
Check out the Fritzing diagram below to see how everything is connected. In the table, polarized components are shown with a warning triangle and the whole column highlighted yellow. Distance sensors are amazing tools with all kinds of uses. They can sense the presence of an object, they can be used in experiments to calculate speed and acceleration, and they can be used in robotics to avoid obstacles.
This circuit will walk you through the basics of using an ultrasonic distance sensor, which measures distance using sound waves! Distance sensors work by sending pulses of light or sound out from a transmitter, then timing how long it takes for the signals to bounce off an object and return to a receiver just like sonar.
When working with electronics, datasheets are your best friend. Datasheets contain all the relevant information needed to get you up and running with a part.
In this circuit, we are calculating distance based on the time it takes sound waves to be transmitted, bounce off an object and then be received. But, how can we tell distance from that information?
The answer lies in the datasheet for the distance sensor. In it, you can find the equation the program needs to interpret distance from the time it takes the sound wave to travel.
What if you wanted to have more than two options? Else if statements let you run as many logical tests as you want in one if statement. For example, in the code for this circuit, there is an if statement that flows like this:. If you wanted to have four or five colors for different distances, you could add more else if statements.
Else if statements are different from nested if statements in that only one of the statements above can be true, whereas you could have multiple nested if statements that could true.
Move your hand or a large, flat object closer and farther away from the distance sensor. As the object approaches, the light will change from green to yellow to red. Time to take your distance sensor project to the next level. This circuit will use light, sound and motion to scare away your cat when it is detected by the distance sensor. Using a servo motor, you can add a moving pop-up to animate your alarm.
No problem! This circuit can be adapted for a variety of projects such as a room alarm, an automated pop-up story, an automatic treat dispenser and so much more. Let your imagination run wild with this project.
This circuit gets really fun when you start to use your servo to animate the world around you. Tape and hot glue are easy ways to connect things to your servo. You can also loop a paper clip through the small holes in the servo arm to serve as a linkage. See the Hardware Hookup section below for more information. Linkage rods are found on many RC airplanes, which use servo motors to control the ailerons, elevators and rudder.
If you have opted for the extra materials, use the following instructions to create the moving pop-up for your cat alarm.
To begin, attach your servo to the baseplate using Dual Lock, as described in Circuit 3A. Attach the servo mount of your choice. It is recommended you wait until after you have uploaded your code to ensure the mount is in the best position before screwing on the mount. The screw is optional, but it will make for a more robust mechanism. Next, use needle-nose pliers to bend the paper clip straight.
Imagine a 3D space. The straight clip is the X-axis. Bend one end of the paper clip 90 degrees along the Y-axis. The bent segment should be about 1 inch or 2. Then bend the other end along the Z-axis. Repeat this bend once more back toward the X-axis, making a hook shape. You should now have a linkage rod that looks something like this:. Cut out the pop-up image of your choice. The image you choose should be about 2. Leave a rectangular strip of paper under the image that is about 2 inches long.
Fold along the bottom of the image. Tape the pop-up to the underside of the breadbaord baseplate on the same side to which the servo is connected. Once you have the rest of the circuit built and the code uploaded, you can fine-tune your moving pop-up and make any necessary adjustments. Remember to wait until these adjustments have been made before you screw the servo mount onto the motor.
In the table, polarized components are shown with a warning triangle and the whole row or whole column highlighted yellow. It will be green when objects are far, yellow when they are midrange and red when they are close. When an object is close the buzzer will also beep, and the servo will rotate back and forth. But, what if you want to make your project mobile and see sensor values away from your computer?
This project will show you how to do exactly that. You'll learn about liquid crystal displays LCDs and how to print things like sensor data and strings of words to the display. Character LCDs are designed to show a grid of letters, numbers and a few special characters. This makes them great for printing data and showing values.
When current is applied to this special kind of crystal, it turns opaque. This is used in a lot of calculators, watches and simple displays. Adding an LCD to your project will make it super portable and allow you to integrate up to 32 characters 16 x 2 of information.
Using a simple voltage divider with a potentiometer, the contrast can be adjusted. As you rotate the knob on the potentiometer, you should notice that the screen will get brighter or darker and that the characters become more visible or less visible. The contrast of LCDs is highly dependent on factors such as temperature and the voltage used to power it.
Thus, external contrast knobs are needed for displays that cannot automatically account for temperature and voltage changes. If you look closely at the characters on the LCD, you will notice that they are actually made up of lots of little squares. These little squares are called pixels. The size of displays is often represented in pixels. Pixels make up character space, which is the number of pixels in which a character can exist.
Here is a capital letter B as created in pixels. The character space in this example is 6 pixels x 8 pixels. The LCD has 16 pins, and it is polarized.
The pins are numbered from left to right, 1 through Thankfully, the Arduino community has developed a library to handle a great deal of the software-to-hardware interface. Below is a list of each of the pins on the LCD.
If you are not seeing any characters, are seeing barely visible characters, or see just white rectangles, then you need to adjust the contrast. Twist the potentiometer very slowly until you can clearly read the display. If you reach the end of the potentiometer's rotation, try twisting in the opposite direction. A display that needs the contrast adjusted. Note the white rectangles. Want to create a DIY environmental monitor or weather station?
You can use a small, low-cost sensor like the TMP36 to make devices that track and respond to temperature. In this activity you will also use the LCD screen to display sensor readings, a common use for LCDs in electronics projects. This temperature sensor has three legs. One connects to 5V, one to ground, and the voltage output from the third leg varies proportionally to changes in temperature. By doing some simple math with this voltage we can measure temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
An algorithm is a process used in order to achieve a desired result. Often, the information needed to create an algorithm lives in the part's datasheet.
This sketch uses a few formulas to turn a voltage value into a temperature value, making them all part of the larger temperature-retrieving algorithm. The first formula takes the voltage read on analog pin 0 and multiplies it to get a voltage value from 0VV:. The reason 0. It's then multiplied by to get a value that matches temperature.
The last formula takes the Centigrade temperature and converts it to a Fahrenheit temperature using the standard conversion formula:. Together, these three formulas make up the algorithm that converts voltage to degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature sensor is polarized and can only be inserted in one direction.
See below for the pin outs of the temperature sensor. Pay very close attention to the markings on each side as you insert it into your circuit. The temperature readings will update every second. An easy way to see the temperature change is to press your finger to the sensor.
Other players have to give hints, act out charades or make noises that will make the player with the LCD guess the word s. Included in your kit is a 4-cell AA battery holder. The 5-inch cable is terminated with a standard barrel jack connector. The connector mates with the barrel jack on the RedBoard, allowing you to easily make your project battery powered. When working with momentary buttons, it is usually necessary to add button debouncing to your code.
This is because the code that is meant to execute when the button is pressed may execute faster than you can press and release the button microcontrollers are fast! The simplest way to debounce a button is to add a small delay to the end of your code.
This sketch adds a millisecond delay at the end of loop to account for this. This simple addition will prevent a word from getting skipped when you press the button for the game. Strings are actually just an array of characters with a null character at the end to let the program know where the end of the string is.
In circuit 2A you used an array of characters to represent musical notes. The trick is to use a pointer. Pointers are an advanced programming topic. They can be difficult to understand the first time you're introduced to them. For now, think of pointers as a variable that "points" to the value contained in a certain address in memory.
Batteries are polarized. They have a positive end and a negative end. The battery holder has images indicating which end goes in which orientation for each cell. Ensure all the batteries are inserted correctly before plugging the battery holder into the RedBoard. To attach the battery holder to the breadboard baseplate, first cut two strips of Dual Lock that are roughly 1 inch x 1 inch each, or 2.
Remove the adhesive backing and attach one piece to the back of the battery holder. Adhere the second piece to the bottom of the breadboard baseplate directly in the middle is recommended, as this will come into play in Project 5. Last, press the battery holder to the baseplate so that the two pieces of Dual Lock snap together.
Insert the batteries into the holder if you have not done so already. Remember that batteries are polarized and can only go in one way. The game will begin with a prompt telling you the category of words. Then it will run through a short countdown. When the first round starts, the word to be guessed will be displayed in the top left, and a countdown will be displayed in the bottom right of the LCD screen.
Each time the button is pressed before the timer expires a new word will be displayed. If you win or lose, a short song will play and text will be displayed. Ah, robots. One of the most iconic and exciting electronics applications.
In this project you will learn all about DC motors and motor drivers by building your own robot! You'll learn how to control a tethered robot first by sending it commands over serial. Then you will unleash your robot by removing the tether and making it autonomous. In this circuit you will learn the basic concepts behind motor control. A switch is a component that controls the open-ness or closed-ness of an electric circuit.
Just like the momentary buttons used in earlier circuits, a switch can only exist in one of two states: open or closed.
However, a switch is different in that it will stay in the position it was last in until it is switched again. The motors have a clever design so that you can attach things that you want to spin fast like a small fan or flag to the hobby motor, and things that you want to be strong like a wheel to the plastic axle sticking out the side of the motor.
The included wheels just so happen to fit on the plastic axles. Inside the hobby motor are coils of wire that generate magnetic fields when electricity flows through them. When power is supplied to these electromagnets, they spin the drive shaft of the motor. If you switch the direction of current through a motor by swapping the positive and negative leads, the motor will spin in the opposite direction.
Motor controllers contain a set of switches called an H-bridge that let you easily control the direction of one or more motors. The TBFNG Motor Driver takes commands for each motor over three wires two wires control direction, and one controls speed , then uses these signals to control the current through two wires attached to your motor.
This circuit utilizes the VIN pin found with the other power pins. However, if you power the RedBoard through the barrel jack highlighted in the picture below , the VIN pin will reflect that voltage. An Integrated Circuit IC is a collection of electronic components resistors, transistors, capacitors, etc.
They come in all sorts of flavors, shapes and sizes. The guts of an integrated circuit, visible after removing the top.
Integrated circuits are often too small to work with by hand. To make working with ICs easier and to make them breadboard-compatible, they are often added to a breakout board, which is a printed circuit board that connects all the IC's tiny legs to larger ones that fit in a breadboard.
The motor driver board in your kit is an example of a breakout board. Most ICs have polarity and usually have a polarity marking in one of the corners. The motor driver is no exception. Be sure to insert the motor driver as indicated in the circuit diagrams. The motor driver pins are shown in the image below. When you're finished with Project 5, removing the motor driver from the breadboard can be difficult due to its numerous legs. To make this easier, use the included screwdriver as a lever to gently pry it out.
Be careful not to bend the legs as you remove it. The motors are also polarized. However, motors are unique in that they will still work when the two connections are reversed. They will just spin in the opposite direction when hooked up backward.
When you flip the switch, the motor will turn on and spin at the speed set by the motor speed variable default is 0.
By opening the serial monitor and sending numbers, you can change the speed of the motor. Any number from about to or to will work, though changes in the speed will be hard to notice.
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FORYOU
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