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Djibouti continued to host and provide oversight for the operation of the IGAD Center of Excellence for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and has also prioritized economic growth to address the high unemployment among youth. Overview: The Government of Eritrea continued to make regular public statements about its commitment to fighting terrorism. Eritrea also continued and broadened its support for the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen, and it allowed military elements of the coalition to base in Eritrea.

Eritrea has been subject to UN Security Council UNSC sanctions since December due to past evidence of support for al-Shabaab and other activities that have contributed to regional instability. The sanctions regime on Eritrea also includes provisions for a travel ban and asset freeze measures with regard to individuals or entities designated by the UN Sanctions Committee for Somalia and Eritrea.

At present, there are no UN listings for the sanctions regime as it relates to Eritrea. For a number of years, members of the police have refused to meet with security officials from western nations to discuss policy matters, although the United States had informal contact with some law enforcement counterparts in Eritrea is a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, which has a maritime security program that focuses on building the capacity of law enforcement agencies to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.

Ethiopia also Digital Tape Measure Canadian Tire University focused its counterterrorism strategy on pursuing potential threats from armed opposition groups often based in neighboring countries. Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI shared information on counterterrorism matters pursuant to a memorandum of understanding. Ethiopia also continued to use the ATP to suppress criticism by detaining and prosecuting journalists, opposition figures — including members of religious groups protesting government interference in religious affairs — and other activists.

The Ethiopian government released some, but arrested several others during the year. These arrests peaked under the State of Emergency the Ethiopian government imposed in October in the wake of anti-government protests and violence that resulted in tens of thousands of arrests and several hundred deaths.

Ethiopian judges are often overwhelmed with hundreds of ATP-related cases because Ethiopian prosecutors often seek to bring the highest charges for cases that they cannot resolve with plea agreements.

With U. The three security organizations comprise the Ethiopian Task Force for Counterterrorism, a federal-level committee to coordinate counterterrorism efforts. Border security was a persistent concern for Ethiopia, which worked to tighten border controls with Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, and South Sudan. Inspectors reported implementation of all recent enhanced security measures and that cooperation with Ethiopian aviation security officials remains strong.

Following the completion of the National Risk Assessment for money laundering and terrorism finance in early , Ethiopia approved and began implementing a National Risk Mitigation Action Plan. Law enforcement lacks the forensic tools, human resources, and training to focus on these types of cases. In addition, the Financial Intelligence Centre FIC and law enforcement did not appear to coordinate their efforts fully. The FIC processes and submits suspicious transaction reports to the police for money laundering and to the NISS for terrorist financing cases.

Ethiopia has made no apparent attempt to investigate and prosecute cases on suspicious or fraudulent mobile money transactions. This is especially significant since it appears that a large number of mobile money transactions occur within the Somali region of Ethiopia, an area where the Ethiopian government has concentrated much of its counterterrorism efforts.

The two mobile money platforms in Ethiopia reported growth in its revenues, especially from transactions originating in rural areas, and have expressed interest in cooperating with law enforcement on investigations under certain conditions.

Agency for International Development provided assistance through a local Ethiopian civil society organization to undertake research on the existing potential vulnerabilities to extremism in Ethiopia. This research was conducted in communities across eight of the nine regional states as well as in Dire Dawa and Addis Ababa, cities deemed at risk of radicalization to violence and terrorist recruitment.

The findings of this research were presented and validated by Ethiopian government federal and regional state officials and non-government interlocutors religious leaders in November. International and Regional Cooperation: There have been no significant changes since the report. Overview: Kenya saw a significant increase in al-Shabaab terrorist attacks in the region bordering Somalia during , particularly through improvised explosive devices IEDs and ambushes.

Kenya is a strong U. Kenyan security services responded to numerous terrorist incidents, while also disrupting al-Shabaab and ISIS attack planning, recruitment, and travel. Reports of human rights violations by security forces during counterterrorism operations continued, including allegations of extra-judicial killings, disappearances, and torture. Terrorist incidents included:. In August, the government launched a National Legal Aid Action Plan but has not funded a public defender service envisioned by law.

The judiciary supported a rule of law-based approach to prosecutions, applying equal legal and evidentiary standards to terrorism cases as in other criminal cases. In a January ruling, the High Court overturned five convictions for attempted terrorist travel to Somalia, as the Kenyan government had not followed legal procedures designating Somalia as a prohibited destination.

Interagency also shared responsibility. Coordination was uneven, with improved information sharing in some cases and failure to appropriately pass threat information in others.

Overall, resource constraints, insufficient training, corruption, and unclear command and control hindered effectiveness. Other ATA programs included law enforcement training to respond to active shooter threats. Kenyan officials continued efforts to draft a coordinated interagency border control strategy.

Kenya established an interagency Joint Operations Centers at several ports of entry and border crossings to promote information sharing and maintained its traveler screening partnership with the United States using the Personal Identification Secure Comparison and Evaluation System PISCES at major ports of entry.

Immigration officers employed government watchlists. Watchlist screening and basic equipment at smaller ports of entry was generally lacking. The Kenyan government worked to prevent the transit of foreign terrorist fighters, including Kenyans attempting to join al-Shabaab or ISIS, and those returning from abroad.

Kenyan security services also detected and deterred terrorist plots and responded to dozens of terrorism-related incidents. The Kenyan government or its agents continued to face allegations that they committed arbitrary and unlawful killings, particularly of known or suspected criminals, including terrorists. Court trials in terrorism cases often proceeded slowly. At the end of , trials continued in the cases of four Kenyans accused of providing support for the Westgate Mall attack and of four Kenyans and one Tanzanian in connection with the Garissa University College attack.

The Tanzanian defendant was found competent to stand trial in January after previously being found unfit in late The Kenyan government cooperated with the United States regarding threat information and security at the U.

Embassy in Nairobi, including through a dedicated General Service Unit counterterrorism response team funded by U. The FRC remained hampered by a lack of essential resources and faced challenges meeting minimum staffing, physical security, and information technology requirements. The FRC also lacked an electronic reporting system for analyzing suspicious transactions.

The use of unregulated informal financial mechanisms, including hawalas , continued. Police in Nairobi, coastal, and northeastern counties participated in community policing, dialogues on post-traumatic stress, and early warning and early response programs.

Prison officials improved their handling of terrorist offenders. Other small-scale efforts to rehabilitate and reintegrate former terrorists, facilitators, and sympathizers continued, but these lacked a clear legal framework and supportive public messaging. International and Regional Cooperation: Kenya continues to host the United Nations UN Office in Nairobi, serving as a hub for regional coordination against transnational threats.

Overview: The Government of Mali remained a willing U. Slow implementation of the June peace accord between the Malian government and two coalitions of armed groups hampered the return of public services and security to the north and parts of the center. Terrorist groups increased their attacks on all accord signatories, including former rebel groups with whom they had briefly allied. Terrorist activities also increased in number and severity in the central and southern regions.

It continued its work with the Malian government and various militia groups to facilitate the redeployment of government administrators and security forces to the north as part of implementing the Peace Accord. The terrorist groups launched attacks against civilians, security forces, peacekeepers, and others they reportedly perceived as not adhering to their interpretation of Islam. Malian Security Forces continued to suffer the largest number of casualties resulting from terrorist attacks.

An estimated Malian soldiers were killed in numerous incidents. At least 50 people were at the hotel at the time, and the fact that more patrons were not killed is evidence of the improvement of Malian first responders at the tactical level since the November Radisson Blu Hotel attack, which killed 20 people. Combined counterterrorism missions involving law enforcement and military units lacked delineation and coordination.

The gendarmerie, which reports to both the MOD and the MOS — and the national border police, which reports to the MOS — both provide paramilitary support to prevent and deter criminal activity at borders. Customs officials under the Ministry of Economy and Finance monitor the flow of goods and enforce customs laws at borders and ports of entry.

The UN International Organization for Migration is managing a project with the Malian Border Patrol to provide portable biometrics systems for scanning at primary border crossing areas to counter trafficking of persons, but this system lacks connection to a central database. The information is not centralized or searchable and is largely inaccessible and unusable. Exit and entry stamps used by border officials have inconsistent size and shape, which undermines efforts to authenticate travel documents.

Malian passports, including diplomatic and official versions, incorporate security measures including ultraviolet features and a full-color digital photo. Unfortunately, imposters can obtain fraudulent documents, such as birth and marriage certificates, with relative ease.

In , the government opened 69 terrorism-related cases and detained 30 people for terrorism-related crimes. Resource constraints, a lack of training in investigative techniques, and inexperience with trying terrorism cases plagued a weak judicial system.

The Malian government has never investigated, prosecuted, and sentenced any terrorists from start to finish.

Mali has taken steps to improve its institutional capacity to fight terrorism, passing laws that create new terrorism-related offenses and allow for the use of special investigative techniques.

This includes setting up a Special Judicial Interagency Work Group against terrorism and its equivalent for law enforcement — the specialized judicial brigade — and working with international partners to build the capacity of these units, including the UN Office of Drugs and Crime. Mali worked cooperatively with the United States to prevent acts of terrorism against U. The Malian judicial system continued its cooperation with U.

There were no significant changes since The Ministry of Religious Affairs is responsible for developing and monitoring the national strategy and for working with the High Islamic Council and other religious associations to promote moderate Islam and maintain a secular state. The government launched the Integrated Central Region Security Plan in August, which aims first to secure and then re-establish government services across the Mopti region and the neighboring Segou region, which also experienced increasing insecurity.

Mali also participated in Global Counterterrorism Forum events. The Malian military participated in multinational border security operations under the G-5 Sahel mandate. Following a December U. Overview: Mauritania was an excellent U.

Since , when U. The government has continued its counterterrorism cooperation with the United States and seized opportunities to participate in U. Through the support of the United States and other partners such as France, Mauritania deployed 20, soldiers, divided between seven military regions around the country.

Despite these efforts, regions in the interior of Mauritania remained imperfectly monitored, owing to their geographic isolation from population centers and inhospitable desert conditions. AQIM elements and like-minded terrorist groups were present in the region, particularly along the southeastern border with Mali, which remained the leading terrorist threat to Mauritania in Owing to their geographic isolation from population centers, hard-to-access areas of the Sahara Desert further complicated efforts to monitor and secure borders.

This decision was motivated by the increased and diverse trafficking of prohibited goods through this region. In collaboration with Mauritanian authorities, the Senegalese security forces arrested two suspected Algerian terrorists from ISIS on October 6 at the Mauritanian border crossing of Rosso. The two suspects were wanted by the Government of Algeria. In , Mauritania applied for membership within the Egmont Group. There were no other significant changes since The workshop was organized in cooperation with the American Friendship Project.

The MIATE collaborated with independent Islamic religious groups to counter radicalization to violence in a series of workshops in all 15 provinces. In coordination with two University of Nouakchott professors, a think tank, and some society leaders, the U. Embassy organized a two-day awareness training workshop for university students on violent extremism, how to recognize possible recruitment activities, and strategies to counter them.

Mauritania will be responsible for the western sector of the G-5 Sahel Joint Force located along the border between Mauritania and Mali. Terrorists, weapons, and contraband transited freely through the vast northern part of Niger. Niger remained a strong opponent of terrorism in the region, continued to cooperate with international partners, and received substantial international counterterrorism assistance.

Foreign assistance has helped the Nigerien military increase its capability to patrol, collect information, and interdict terrorists. Niger has increased its number of border control facilities and is working with the international community to construct and equip these facilities.

Terrorist organizations frequently stole military vehicles and equipment that they then used in later attacks. Terrorist attacks in western Niger focused almost exclusively on security forces, while Boko Haram and ISIS-WA attacked both civilian and military targets in the southeast. Attacks included:. Nigerien law enforcement and security services were actively engaged in detecting, deterring, and preventing acts of terrorism on Nigerien territory, but they suffered from insufficient manpower, funding, and equipment.

Through the U. Global Security Contingency Fund, a joint interagency program between the U. Niger continued to use rudimentary terrorism watchlists that it shared with the security services and at border checkpoints. The Government of Niger continued to screen travelers using the U.

In , the SCLCT arrested terrorist suspects on charges that included planning acts of terrorism, association with a terrorist organization, recruitment, and Digital Tape Measure Canadian Tire Oil terrorist financing.

Courts tried or dismissed approximately terrorism cases. While the law prohibits torture and degrading treatment, there were indications that security officials were sometimes involved in abusing or harming detainees suspected of terrorist activity.

As part of a broader counterterrorism strategy, the United States is working with the Government of Niger to improve its capacity to employ forensic investigative tools. From April to May, the U. Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Defense collected the biometric information of more than 1, terrorism detainees and digitized more than terrorism-linked paper fingerprint records.

Niger is the only country in the region where terrorist suspects are identified systematically in a biometric enrollment initiative. The Government of Niger had not put forth a formal reintegration plan for former combatants by the end of Niger was standing up the Central Sector Command, based in Niamey.

Nigerien officials hosted and attended multiple international meetings on countering the two groups. Niger is a member of the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership.

Niger participates in a judicial cooperation organization, the Sahel Judicial Platform, with other countries in the region. Nigeria continued to work with other terrorism-affected neighbors in the Multinational Joint Task Force, including Benin, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger to counter-Boko Haram and ISIS-WA, regain control over territory previously held by these groups, and launch efforts to rebuild civilian structures and institutions in cleared areas.

Terrorist activity accounted for the internal displacement of nearly two million persons in the states of Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe, and the external displacement of more than , Nigerian refugees to neighboring countries, principally Cameroon, Chad, and Niger.

The Nigerian government negotiated with Boko Haram for the May 6 release of 82 of the female students abducted by Boko Haram in Chibok in According to the Bring Back Our Girls campaign, students remained missing at the end of An interdisciplinary assistance team composed of personnel from the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the U.

Agency for International Development continued to coordinate efforts with the Nigerian military at the Defense Intelligence Agency, with daily military-to-military engagement at the Joint Combined Fusion Cell and the Joint Coordination Planning Committee. In its response to Boko Haram and ISIS-WA attacks, and at times in response to crime and insecurity in general, Nigerian security service personnel perpetrated extrajudicial killings and engaged in torture, sexual exploitation and abuse, arbitrary detention, mistreatment of detainees, use of children by some security elements, looting, and destruction of property.

The following list details only a fraction of the incidents that occurred:. The Nigerian Office of the National Security Advisor is responsible on paper for coordinating all security and enforcement agencies. The Nigerian military has primary responsibility for combating terrorism in the Northeast.

Both units are responsible for investigating acts of terrorism and conducting proactive measures to prevent terrorist attacks. Interagency cooperation and information sharing was limited. Due to their knowledge of the local context, community-based security groups, often collectively referred to as the Civilian Joint Task Force, provided critical and necessary responses to the terrorism threat in the Northeast. According to a government statement, suspects were arraigned in the initial proceedings.

Of these, 45 pled guilty to various charges and were sentenced to between three and 31 years in prison, persons were ordered to undergo a de-radicalization and rehabilitation program before being released, 34 cases were dismissed, and 28 cases were remanded for trial in civilian courts elsewhere in the country. Some human rights groups alleged terrorist suspects detained by the military were denied their rights to legal representation, due process, and to be heard by a judicial authority.

On December 8, the government said it adopted a new strategy for the screening of suspected Boko Haram members and other terrorists. This involved developing a national terrorism database and providing training in investigative interviewing techniques and evidence collection. Coordination among agencies was limited. The Nigerian government continued to participate in U.

The Nigerian government actively cooperated with the United States and other international partners to assist with counterterrorism investigations. On July 5, the Egmont Group suspended Nigeria for its failure to restructure its financial intelligence unit to make it operationally autonomous and isolated from possible political control, a requirement the Egmont Group places on all of its members.

At the end of , this legislation was awaiting passage by the Nigerian House. Other active, but not yet passed, legislation with a nexus to terrorist financing includes the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Bill and the Proceeds of Crime Bill. The framework was in accordance with relevant UN policy and developed in coordination with various ministries and civil society organizations.

In December, under this framework, the government launched an Action Plan for Demobilization, Disassociation, Reintegration, and Reconciliation in Nigeria. Kaduna state and Kano state are members of the Strong Cities Network. International and Regional Cooperation: Nigeria continued its high-level participation in regional security and counterterrorism conferences. Overview: Senegal experienced no terrorist attacks in , however, security forces arrested three individuals suspected of having ties to ISIS.

In light of its deep concerns about terrorist activity in the region, the Government of Senegal worked closely with U. The risk of terrorist activity in Senegal arises from external and internal factors. Externally, transnational threats arose due to the Senegalese military presence in several theaters of operation in the region and the activities of terrorist groups in neighboring countries.

Internally, the promotion of fundamentalist ideologies by a small number of religious leaders constituted the chief concern, however, these ideologies are outside the Islamic norms that predominate in Senegal. Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: The Government of Senegal enacted no important changes to its counterterrorism laws in Effective interagency cooperation and information sharing challenged the various governmental bodies that have counterterrorism functions in Senegal, but the advent of the CICO is leading to steady improvement in these areas.

Senegal works to develop specific plans and capabilities to prevent and respond to terrorist attacks against soft targets and held a major exercise in in Dakar to test the ability of security forces to respond effectively. Senegalese officials identified a continued lack of border resources and regional cooperation as security vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities were exacerbated by the absence of systems to ensure travel document security, the effective use of terrorist screening watch lists, and the collection of biographic and biometric screening capabilities beyond those deployed at major ports of entry.

The southern and eastern portions of the country have far fewer resources to detect and deter terrorists who might travel through those areas. Additionally, Senegal has been working with the International Organization for Migration IOM to promote cooperation and coordination between border agencies, including creating three new joint points of entry, funded by the European Union EU and the Government of Japan, on the border with Mauritania.

This included developing and emphasizing stronger community engagement and more coherent approaches to border management; interagency cooperation and coordination; cross-border interoperability; and trust between border communities and security officials that contributes to establishing open, but well-controlled and secure borders that guarantee the full respect of human rights of persons on the move. Significant law enforcement actions in included the February arrest of two Malian nationals suspected of involvement in terrorism and the September arrest of two Algerian nationals on similar charges.

The trial of Imam Alioune Badara Ndao and 31 other individuals charged in with criminal conspiracy in connection Digital Tape Measure Canadian Tire Viet with terrorist groups, money laundering for terrorist activities, and terrorist financing, continued through the end of In November, when reporting indicated a possible terrorist plot to attack certain soft targets, the Senegalese government responded professionally and appropriately by increasing its security posture in Dakar.

While Senegal criminalizes the offense of terrorist financing, it does not criminalize the provision of funds to terrorist organizations or to individual terrorists in the absence of a link to a specific terrorist act.

Senegal also lacks specific measures to criminalize the provision of support to foreign terrorist fighters. The Senegalese government did not have a national CVE strategy or plan of action, although Senegalese civil society groups were active in this field. The government was reportedly working on a strategy document built around the pillars of prevention, protection, intervention, and resilience, but it had not been completed at the end of and the draft had not been made public.

Al-Shabaab retained the ability to carry out high-profile attacks using vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices VBIEDs , suicide bombings, mortars, and small arms.

Al-Shabaab was believed responsible for an October bombing in Mogadishu that killed more than people and wounded several hundred more.

An ISIS-linked group in Puntland was unable to expand its territory beyond a handful of camps in the mountains. Despite several law enforcement actions in Mogadishu and other major cities to disrupt plots, many leading to prosecutions and convictions, Somalia remained a terrorist safe haven. Terrorists used their relative freedom of movement to obtain resources, recruit fighters, and plan and mount operations within Somalia and in neighboring countries, mainly in Kenya.

The FGS increased efforts to encourage defections from terrorist groups as part of its broader counterterrorism strategy and made progress in promoting high-level reconciliation with disengaged terrorists, namely former al-Shabaab leader Mukhtar Robow. The group launched multiple, often coordinated attacks, on a weekly or monthly basis throughout the country, using suicide bombers, VBIEDs, ambush-style raids, targeted killings, and mortar attacks.

Al-Shabaab also continued to use its tactic of amassing fighters to overrun AMISOM or SNA bases, allowing the group to capture weapons, ammunition, uniforms, and other equipment to replenish its supplies.

The ISIS affiliate in Puntland also carried out a number of suicide bombings, targeted killings, and small arms attacks in Bosasso and smaller towns, including one in May that killed at least five security officers.

Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: There are no significant updates to the report , with the exception of border management. Most countries do not recognize Somali identity documents, leaving Somalia with few options for travel document verification and regional partners unable to properly vet Somali travelers.

MIDAS provides biographic and biometric screening capabilities but procedural and network connectivity deficiencies limited its effectiveness. There have been no significant changes since the report. The FGS also funded counter-messaging efforts and supported religious and secular curriculum development. Following the February presidential election, the FGS announced its intent to offer amnesty to any al-Shabaab members willing to denounce terrorism and support the FGS. At the London Conference in May, the FGS stated its intent to develop new amnesty legislation as part of the CAS, and subsequently continued messaging encouraging al-Shabaab members to defect.

A donor-supported effort to reintegrate former al-Shabaab combatants continued to expand, primarily through reintegration centers that have been operating in Mogadishu, Kismayo, Baidoa, and Beletweyne for more than three years. Although exact estimates were difficult to verify given limited government oversight of these programs, officials have attributed higher defection rates to ongoing counterterrorism pressure from U. In August, former senior al-Shabaab commander and co-founder Muktar Robow publicly denounced al-Shabaab and pledged his support to FGS reconciliation efforts.

International and Regional Cooperation: There are no significant updates to the report. Since publicly acknowledging the presence of ISIS facilitation networks and cells in , the South African government has not publicly provided estimates of the number of South African nationals who have immigrated or returned from ISIS-controlled territories. South Africa is a major international transit hub that has proven an appealing location for terrorists and other criminal networks to facilitate illicit travel abroad.

Border security is challenging in South Africa due to its numerous land, sea, and air ports of entry for international travelers. South Africa has multiple law enforcement agencies policing its borders, but they are often stovepiped and inadequate communication limits their border control ability.

Counterterrorism measures at the international airports include screening with advanced technology x-ray machines, but land borders do not have advanced technology and infrastructure. Trafficking networks made use of these land borders for many forms of illicit smuggling. Citizens of neighboring countries are not required to obtain visas for brief visits.

Regulation of visa, passport, and identity documents remained a challenge within South Africa. The SAPS internal affairs office investigated allegations of corruption within the Department of Home Affairs concerning the sale of passports and identity documents, but the use of illegitimately obtained identity documents continued. Overview : The Government of Tanzania cooperates with the United States and regional partners on select security and counterterrorism initiatives.

Tanzanian security services led the counterterrorism response, mainly through an increased presence in affected areas and a broad exercise of police power. The perpetrators, who did not claim allegiance to a terrorist group, used weapons and ammunition captured from the police in subsequent attacks and left intimidating notes at the scene warning against cooperation with the authorities.

The attacks continued on an almost weekly basis into July despite intense government countermeasures. No subsequent attacks were reported, but the Special Police Zone staffed by the Field Force Unit and other security officers, remained in place at the end of In August, the Inspector General of Police declared the situation in the outskirts of Dar es Salaam resolved following the killing of more than a dozen suspected perpetrators, including the alleged leader of the attacks.

Police arrested and detained hundreds of suspects alleged to have been involved in the attacks under the auspices of the Prevention of Terrorism Act. There were no significant changes to the legislation in The organization struggles to operate effectively due to a weak mandate, a limited budget, and uneven interagency cooperation.

The NCTC has participated in capacity-building efforts including training. In , seven senior law enforcement officials, including representatives from the NCTC, attended the International Law Enforcement Academy Executive Policy and Development Symposium on Countering Violent Extremism and Crisis Leadership to develop deeper knowledge of leadership principles and violent extremism.

National Counterterrorism Center also led crisis management training in October for security and emergency personnel. Securing Tanzanian borders is a chronic challenge for the government. The use of temporary or emergency identity and travel documents was widespread and complicates immigration security efforts. Additionally, border management systems were fragmented, with some crossings using the U.

Tanzania continued to make progress on strengthening anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism including through regulatory oversight of foreign exchange bureaus and money remitters. Efforts were underway to draft a national preventing violent extremism strategy and action plan. In general, the Government of Tanzania views terrorism as primarily an external threat to Tanzanian security and continued to focus on law enforcement and intelligence services with little engagement or coordination with civil society.

Special Forces units from all SADC countries participated, and the exercise included a hostage rescue scenario. Overview: The Government of Uganda continued to make important contributions toward countering terrorism in East Africa and the Horn of Africa in and demonstrated strong and sustained political will to apprehend suspected terrorists and disrupt terrorist activity in its territory. The Government of Uganda at times labeled conventional criminal acts as terrorism and leveled terrorism charges against journalists, public officials, and others the government deemed were acting against its interests, potentially diverting attention and resources from core counterterrorism goals.

The Uganda Police Force UPF Directorate of Counterterrorism is the lead law enforcement entity charged with investigating, disrupting, and responding to terrorist incidents. Interagency coordination among Ugandan security and intelligence organizations also remained a significant challenge. Border security remained a persistent concern for the Ugandan government, with especially porous borders between Uganda and both South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Uganda used the U.

Banking institutions do not monitor mobile money payments and transfers in Uganda; mobile money transactions are instead under the purview of the individual telecommunications company that facilitates the specific transaction.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs, at the direction of the prime minister, appointed a lead to oversee this process. Governments in East Asia and the Pacific continued to work to strengthen legal frameworks, investigate and prosecute terrorism cases, increase regional cooperation and information sharing, and address critical border and aviation security gaps throughout the year.

Regional cooperation between domestic law enforcement and judicial authorities within countries throughout Southeast Asia resulted in high numbers of terrorism-related arrests and, in many cases, successful prosecutions. Despite these efforts, Southeast Asia remained a target for terrorist recruitment. The threat posed by transnational terrorism was particularly prominent when ISIS-affiliated domestic groups in the southern Philippines occupied parts of Marawi City for five months before finally succumbing to Philippine counterterrorism forces.

Several countries — including Australia, Japan, and the United States — provided counterterrorism and reconstruction assistance to the Philippines as its government began to develop a plan to rebuild the city.

Southeast Asian governments remained concerned about foreign terrorist fighters returning from Iraq or Syria and using their operational skills, connections, and experience to launch domestic attacks. East Asian countries actively participated in regional and international efforts to counter terrorism. The Japanese government continued to participate in international counterterrorism efforts in global, regional, multilateral, and bilateral fora. It followed up on the G-7 counterterrorism action plan adopted during its presidency and completing its second and final year as an elected member of the United Nations Security Council.

Japan, with several other countries across the globe — including Australia and New Zealand — is a donor to the Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund.

Overview: Australia strengthened counterterrorism laws, investigated and disrupted suspected terrorist plots, and maintained high levels of cooperation with U. Australia played a major role in the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS in and was a leading contributor to coalition military support, humanitarian assistance, and efforts to disrupt foreign terrorist fighters. On December 20, Australia established the Home Affairs Department, its most significant domestic security and law enforcement reform in decades.

Agencies falling under the Home Affairs portfolio will maintain their operational independence while the Department provides strategic leadership and consistent policy coordination. Australia is focused on counterterrorism threats in Southeast Asia. Foreign terrorist fighters returning to Australia and the role of social media in inspiring domestic radicalization to violence were also chief concerns.

Australian security agencies believe approximately Australian citizens remain with terrorist groups in Iraq and Syria. Approximately 40 fighters have returned, and the government estimates between 68 and 85 Australian foreign fighter fatalities.

The government is also aware of about 70 children who either traveled with their parents to or were born in ISIS-controlled areas. The United States worked closely throughout the year with Australia to identify and develop new capabilities that meet a wide variety of requirements for countering terrorist threats.

Through a cost-sharing bilateral relationship, both countries advanced their technical ability to defeat or mitigate the evolving capabilities of terrorists and criminal organizations.

Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Australia continued to apply its comprehensive counterterrorism legislation against domestic threats and passed additional legislation to strengthen national security protections.

In August, the Australia-New Zealand Counterterrorism Committee released its Strategy for Protecting Crowded Places from Terrorism, drawing on expertise from the Crowded Places Advisory Group, comprising representatives from law enforcement, intelligence, and business sectors. Coordination among states and territories and between agencies is strong and cooperative.

In October, Australia released its fourth National Counterterrorism Plan, outlining national, state, and territory responsibilities. Almost simultaneously, the Council of Australian Governments COAG committed to a raft of national counterterrorism measures, including nationwide leveraging of state biometric information, expansion of the national emergency warning system, and increasing the pre-charge detention hold period to 14 days for suspected terrorists.

Australia is a leader in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN Regional Forum ARF , in which it raised concerns about traveler data, cargo and aviation security, developed mitigation strategies, and expanded regional information sharing on threats.

Australia announced in November that Australian citizens would no longer face penalties for traveling to or remaining in Raqqa without a legitimate purpose, but emphasized that providing support to any listed terrorist organization remains a punishable offense. Approximately Australian passports have been cancelled in relation to the Iraq and Syria conflict. Its financial intelligence agency is a member of the Egmont Group. Australia remained a regional and global leader in countering terrorist financing.

In November, Australia co-hosted the third Counterterrorism Financing Summit with Indonesia and Malaysia, attended by representatives from 32 countries. Australia will assist a resultant multilateral financial intelligence exercise to jointly analyze suspicious financial activities of individuals operating outside their ordinary countries of residence.

The AGD continued to focus on four overlapping streams that build strength in diversity and social participation, target work with vulnerable communities and institutions, address online terrorist propaganda, and assist diversion and de-radicalization. Australia remains focused on counterterrorism threats in Southeast Asia and in October committed the Australian Federal Police to help rebuild Philippine counterterrorism capabilities post-Marawi with training and joint maritime patrols.

Australia will also add 20 staff to its embassy in Manila. In response to alleged separatist or subversive concerns, China intensified its security and surveillance in the XUAR, including the implementation of stricter security controls, restrictions on travel, and curbs on religious practice.

China also issued public statements warning of growing threats to Chinese nationals abroad. Details about alleged terrorism-related incidents inside China were difficult to verify due to a lack of transparency and information from the Chinese authorities. China also impeded third party efforts to independently verify state media accounts, which are often the only source of reporting on incidents on Chinese territory. In addition, requests by U. Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: China continued to enhance surveillance and security throughout the country, sometimes citing the Counterterrorism, National Security, Counter-Espionage, and Cyber-Security laws.

Specifically, the individuals in these cases were convicted of possessing, accessing, and distributing terrorism-related video or audio material. The law also criminalizes the wearing of long beards and other practices. There were also reports that authorities compelled Uighurs and other minorities to return to the locality listed on their identification documents and that authorities confiscated the passports of members of ethnic minorities and restricted them from leaving the country.

The app reportedly has the capability to remotely delete this content. For example, Egyptian authorities arrested and deported at least 34 Chinese-nationality Uighurs in July, reportedly following a Chinese government order that Uighur students in Egypt return to China. Those Uighurs who returned were reportedly sent to re-education camps, where at least two have died.

In another incident, Italian authorities detained a Uighur activist with German citizenship, preventing him from delivering a scheduled speech about human rights in the XUAR. Based on current law enforcement investigations, the United States is concerned that China does not adequately control terrorist financing. Chinese law enforcement claims to have limited ability to freeze funds and investigate banking transactions. Additional concerns include a lack of guidance for designated non-financial businesses and professions, underdeveloped procedures for individuals and groups who seek to be delisted from domestic sanctions, and inadequate regulations defining the rights of bona fide third parties in seizure and confiscation actions.

Regional and International Cooperation: China continued to promote the United Nations as the primary international fora for counterterrorism while increasing its engagement in other multilateral, regional, and bilateral fora.

Counterterrorism remained an operational priority for the Hong Kong Police Force. The Police Security Wing coordinates potential terrorist threat information with relevant counterterrorism units. The Police Counterterrorism Response Unit provides a strong deterrent presence. It assists police districts with counterterrorism strategy implementation and complements the tactical and professional support of existing police specialist units, such as the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Bureau, the Special Duties Unit, the Airport Security Unit, and the VIP Protection Unit.

Terrorist financing is a criminal offense in Hong Kong, and financial institutions are required to search continuously for terrorist financing networks. In June, the Legislative Council passed a bill on the cross-border transportation of large quantities of currency and bearer negotiable instruments to combat terrorist financing.

Filing suspicious transactions reports irrespective of transaction amounts is obligatory, but because the bill passed in June and had not gone into force, Hong Kong did not require mandatory reporting requirements for cross-border currency movements in Hong Kong law enforcement officers attended U. The Police Intervention Tactical Unit UTIP , which falls under the Macau Public Security Police Force, is responsible for protecting important installations and dignitaries and conducting high-risk missions, such as improvised explosive device deactivation.

Macau law enforcement officers attended U. In response to FATF recommendations, the Macau government enacted a new law on the cross-boundary transportation of large quantities of currency and bearer negotiable instruments in June.

The law went into effective in November. Two amended laws on anti-money laundering and counterterrorist financing, which widen the scope of identifiable criminal offences and strengthen customer due diligence measures, became effective in May. Terrorist financing is a criminal offense in Macau.

Filing suspicious transactions reports irrespective of transaction amounts is obligatory. Overview: Indonesia applied sustained pressure to detect, disrupt, and degrade terrorist groups operating within its borders and deny them safe haven. The capability of terrorist groups to launch coordinated mass casualty attacks was assessed as low, but the intent remained high.

Failed plots included attempts by terrorist groups to use low-grade radioactive material for bombs and recruit female suicide bombers. Returning foreign terrorist fighters with new operational training, skills, experience, networks, and access to funding could help launch more sophisticated attacks against Indonesian government personnel or facilities, Western targets, and other soft targets and public spaces.

The police were the target of multiple other JAD-linked attacks, including a June 25 stabbing at a police post in North Sumatra that killed one police officer and injured another, and a June 30 stabbing at a mosque in Jakarta that injured two police officers. In , the Indonesian legislature continued to discuss edits to the draft amendment.

The Indonesian government also passed legislation enabling the banning of groups that seek to undermine Indonesian national unity and also banned the non-violent, pro-caliphate group Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia. The elite police counterterrorism force, Detachment 88, leads counterterrorism operations and investigations.

Law enforcement was increasingly able to detect, deter, and prevent most terrorist attacks. Terrorism case conviction rates were high. Sentences tended to be short, with some exceptions. Corrections officials took steps to improve terrorist prisoner management and implemented a new risk assessment and classification tool. On August 28, Indonesia designated Pasir Putih prison on the island of Nusa Kambangan in Central Java as a specialized prison for high-risk terrorist prisoners.

Border security remained a challenge for this vast archipelagic nation. Customs continued to struggle with targeting, analysis, management systems, and high-level management turnover. Police maintained a watchlist of suspected terrorists, but lines of communication and coordination among stakeholder agencies were not always clear. Immigration officials at major ports of entry had access to biographic and biometric domestic-only centralized databases.

In February, Indonesia issued a presidential regulation to strengthen a FATF-driven risk-based approach to limit terrorism finance within the non-profit and charity sector. Countering Violent Extremism CVE : Government and civil society leaders promoted a moderate and tolerant practice of Islam as an alternative to terrorist teachings.

They also reinforced the national ideology of Pancasila five principles that form the philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state. In , the process for a nationwide reorganization of the police began with the goal of a community-focused police service that can better identify the early warning signs of radicalization to violence.

The BNPT managed de-radicalization programs for terrorist convicts. In February, it opened a de-radicalization center in Sentul, south of Jakarta. For example, if the right ring finger and the left index finger have whorls, the fraction used is:. Fingerprint identification, known as dactyloscopy, [7] or hand print identification, is the process of comparing two instances of friction ridge skin impressions see Minutiae , from human fingers or toes, or even the palm of the hand or sole of the foot, to determine whether these impressions could have come from the same individual.

The flexibility of friction ridge skin means that no two finger or palm prints are ever exactly alike in every detail; even two impressions recorded immediately after each other from the same hand may be slightly different.

An intentional recording of friction ridges is usually made with black printer's ink rolled across a contrasting white background, typically a white card. Friction ridges can also be recorded digitally, usually on a glass plate, using a technique called Live Scan. A "latent print" is the chance recording of friction ridges deposited on the surface of an object or a wall. Latent prints are invisible to the naked eye, whereas "patent prints" or "plastic prints" are viewable with the unaided eye.

Latent prints are often fragmentary and require the use of chemical methods, powder , or alternative light sources in order to be made clear. Sometimes an ordinary bright flashlight will make a latent print visible. When friction ridges come into contact with a surface that will take a print, material that is on the friction ridges such as perspiration , oil, grease, ink, or blood, will be transferred to the surface.

Factors which affect the quality of friction ridge impressions are numerous. Pliability of the skin, deposition pressure, slippage, the material from which the surface is made, the roughness of the surface, and the substance deposited are just some of the various factors which can cause a latent print to appear differently from any known recording of the same friction ridges.

Indeed, the conditions surrounding every instance of friction ridge deposition are unique and never duplicated. For these reasons, fingerprint examiners are required to undergo extensive training. The scientific study of fingerprints is called dermatoglyphics. Exemplar prints, or known prints, is the name given to fingerprints deliberately collected from a subject, whether for purposes of enrollment in a system or when under arrest for a suspected criminal offense. During criminal arrests, a set of exemplar prints will normally include one print taken from each finger that has been rolled from one edge of the nail to the other, plain or slap impressions of each of the four fingers of each hand, and plain impressions of each thumb.

Exemplar prints can be collected using live scan or by using ink on paper cards. In forensic science a partial fingerprint lifted from a surface, is called a latent fringerprint. Moisture and grease on fingers result in latent fingerprints on surfaces such as glass.

But because they are not clearly visible their detection may require chemical development through powder dusting, the spraying of ninhydrin , iodine fuming, or soaking in silver nitrate. Forensic scientists use different techniques for porous surfaces, such as paper, and nonporous surfaces, such as glass, metal or plastic.

While the police often describe all partial fingerprints found at a crime scene as latent prints, forensic scientists call partial fingerprints that are readily visible patent prints. Chocolate, toner, paint or ink on fingers will result in patent fingerprints. Latent fingerprints impressions that are found on soft material, such as soap, cement or plaster, are called plastic prints by forensic scientists.

Fingerprint image acquisition is considered to be the most critical step in an automated fingerprint authentication system, as it determines the final fingerprint image quality, which has a drastic effect on the overall system performance.

There are different types of fingerprint readers on the market, but the basic idea behind each is to measure the physical difference between ridges and valleys. All the proposed methods can be grouped into two major families: solid-state fingerprint readers and optical fingerprint readers.

When a finger touches or rolls onto a surface, the elastic skin deforms. The quantity and direction of the pressure applied by the user, the skin conditions and the projection of an irregular 3D object the finger onto a 2D flat plane introduce distortions, noise, and inconsistencies in the captured fingerprint image.

These problems result in inconsistent and non-uniform irregularities in the image. The representation of the same fingerprint changes every time the finger is placed on the sensor plate, increasing the complexity of any attempt to match fingerprints, impairing the system performance and consequently, limiting the widespread use of this biometric technology.

In order to overcome these problems, as of , non-contact or touchless 3D fingerprint scanners have been developed. Acquiring detailed 3D information, 3D fingerprint scanners take a digital approach to the analog process of pressing or rolling the finger. By modelling the distance between neighboring points, the fingerprint can be imaged at a resolution high enough to record all the necessary detail.

The human skin itself, which is a regenerating organ until death, and environmental factors such as lotions and cosmetics, pose challenges when fingerprinting a human. Following the death of a human the skin dries and cools.

Obtaining fingerprints from a dead human, to aid identification, is hindered by the fact that only the coroner or medical examiner is allowed to examine the dead body. Fingerprints of dead humans may be obtained during an autopsy.

In the s criminal investigators in the United States first discovered the existence of latent fingerprints on the surfaces of fabrics, most notably on the insides of gloves discarded by perpetrators. Since the late nineteenth century, fingerprint identification methods have been used by police agencies around the world to identify suspected criminals as well as the victims of crime. The basis of the traditional fingerprinting technique is simple. The skin on the palmar surface of the hands and feet forms ridges, so-called papillary ridges, in patterns that are unique to each individual and which do not change over time.

Even identical twins who share their DNA do not have identical fingerprints. The best way to render latent fingerprints visible, so that they can be photographed, can be complex and may depend, for example, on the type of surfaces on which they have been left.

Developing agents depend on the presence of organic materials or inorganic salts for their effectiveness, although the water deposited may also take a key role. Fingerprints are typically formed from the aqueous-based secretions of the eccrine glands of the fingers and palms with additional material from sebaceous glands primarily from the forehead.

This latter contamination results from the common human behaviors of touching the face and hair. The resulting latent fingerprints consist usually of a substantial proportion of water with small traces of amino acids and chlorides mixed with a fatty, sebaceous component which contains a number of fatty acids and triglycerides. Detection of a small proportion of reactive organic substances such as urea and amino acids is far from easy.

Fingerprints at a crime scene may be detected by simple powders, or by chemicals applied in situ. More complex techniques, usually involving chemicals, can be applied in specialist laboratories to appropriate articles removed from a crime scene.

Although there are hundreds of reported techniques for fingerprint detection, many of these are only of academic interest and there are only around 20 really effective methods which are currently in use in the more advanced fingerprint laboratories around the world.

Some of these techniques, such as ninhydrin , diazafluorenone and vacuum metal deposition , show great sensitivity and are used operationally. Some fingerprint reagents are specific, for example ninhydrin or diazafluorenone reacting with amino acids. Others such as ethyl cyanoacrylate polymerisation, work apparently by water-based catalysis and polymer growth. Vacuum metal deposition using gold and zinc has been shown to be non-specific, but can detect fat layers as thin as one molecule.

More mundane methods, such as the application of fine powders, work by adhesion to sebaceous deposits and possibly aqueous deposits in the case of fresh fingerprints.

Following work on the use of argon ion lasers for fingerprint detection, [17] a wide range of fluorescence techniques have been introduced, primarily for the enhancement of chemically developed fingerprints; the inherent fluorescence of some latent fingerprints may also be detected.

Fingerprints can for example be visualized in 3D and without chemicals by the use of infrared lasers. A comprehensive manual of the operational methods of fingerprint enhancement was last published by the UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch in and is used widely around the world.

A technique proposed in aims to identify an individual's ethnicity , sex , and dietary patterns. Another problem for the early twenty-first century is that during crime scene investigations, a decision has to be made at an early stage whether to attempt to retrieve fingerprints through the use of developers or whether to swab surfaces in an attempt to salvage material for DNA profiling.

The two processes are mutually incompatible, as fingerprint developers destroy material that could potentially be used for DNA analysis, and swabbing is likely to make fingerprint identification impossible.

The application of the new scanning Kelvin probe SKP fingerprinting technique, which makes no physical contact with the fingerprint and does not require the use of developers, has the potential to allow fingerprints to be recorded whilst still leaving intact material that could subsequently be subjected to DNA analysis. A forensically usable prototype was under development at Swansea University during , in research that was generating significant interest from the British Home Office and a number of different police forces across the UK, as well as internationally.

The hope is that this instrument could eventually be manufactured in sufficiently large numbers to be widely used by forensic teams worldwide. The secretions, skin oils and dead cells in a human fingerprint contain residues of various chemicals and their metabolites present in the body. These can be detected and used for forensic purposes. For example, the fingerprints of tobacco smokers contain traces of cotinine , a nicotine metabolite; they also contain traces of nicotine itself.

Caution should be used, as its presence may be caused by mere contact of the finger with a tobacco product. By treating the fingerprint with gold nanoparticles with attached cotinine antibodies , and then subsequently with a fluorescent agent attached to cotinine antibodies, the fingerprint of a smoker becomes fluorescent; non-smokers' fingerprints stay dark. Most American law enforcement agencies use Wavelet Scalar Quantization WSQ , a wavelet -based system for efficient storage of compressed fingerprint images at pixels per inch ppi.

Fingerprints collected at a crime scene, or on items of evidence from a crime, have been used in forensic science to identify suspects, victims and other persons who touched a surface. Fingerprint identification emerged as an important system within police agencies in the late 19th century, when it replaced anthropometric measurements as a more reliable method for identifying persons having a prior record, often under a false name, in a criminal record repository.

Fingerprints are the fundamental tool in every police agency for the identification of people with a criminal history. The validity of forensic fingerprint evidence has been challenged by academics, judges and the media. In the United States fingerprint examiners have not developed uniform standards for the identification of an individual based on matching fingerprints. In some countries where fingerprints are also used in criminal investigations, fingerprint examiners are required to match a number of identification points before a match is accepted.

In England 16 identification points are required and in France 12, to match two fingerprints and identify an individual. Point-counting methods have been challenged by some fingerprint examiners because they focus solely on the location of particular characteristics in fingerprints that are to be matched. Fingerprint examiners may also uphold the one dissimilarity doctrine , which holds that if there is one dissimilarity between two fingerprints, the fingerprints are not from the same finger.

Furthermore, academics have argued that the error rate in matching fingerprints has not been adequately studied. And it has been argued that fingerprint evidence has no secure statistical foundation. Fingerprints can theoretically be forged and planted at crime scenes. Fingerprinting was the basis upon which the first forensic professional organization was formed, the International Association for Identification IAI , in Fingerprints have been found on ancient clay tablets , [30] seals, and pottery.

In about BC fingerprints were used to sign written contracts in Babylon. In Ancient India some texts called Naadi were written by a Rishi called Agastya where the text is said to predict the past, present, and future lives of all humans from just their thumb prints.

The predictions are based on Naadi palm leaves, which are located in thumb impressions right for men, left for women. With the advent of silk and paper in China, parties to a legal contract impressed their handprints on the document. Although ancient peoples probably did not realize that fingerprints could uniquely identify individuals, [38] references from the age of the Babylonian king Hammurabi reigned — BCE indicate that law officials would take the fingerprints of people who had been arrested.

From the late 16th century onwards, European academics attempted to include fingerprints in scientific studies. But plausible conclusions could be established only from the midth century onwards. In the professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna Marcello Malpighi identified ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints left on surfaces.

In a German anatomist Johann Christoph Andreas Mayer was the first European to recognize that fingerprints were unique to each individual. The nine patterns include the tented arch, the loop, and the whorl, which in modern-day forensics are considered ridge details.

In he first instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds to prevent the repudiation of signatures in Hooghly near Kolkata [47] and he registered government pensioners' fingerprints to prevent the collection of money by relatives after a pensioner's death. In Henry Faulds , a Scottish surgeon in a Tokyo hospital, published his first paper on the usefulness of fingerprints for identification and proposed a method to record them with printing ink.

He had calculated that the chance of a "false positive" two different individuals having the same fingerprints was about 1 in 64 billion. In that same year, Francisca Rojas was found in a house with neck injuries, whilst her two sons were found dead with their throats cut. Rojas accused a neighbour, but despite brutal interrogation, this neighbour would not confess to the crimes.

Inspector Alvarez, a colleague of Vucetich, went to the scene and found a bloody thumb mark on a door. When it was compared with Rojas' prints, it was found to be identical with her right thumb. She then confessed to the murder of her sons. In Kolkata a fingerprint Bureau was established in , after the Council of the Governor General approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for the classification of criminal records. The bureau employees Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose have been credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification system eventually named after their supervisor, Sir Edward Richard Henry.

The French scientist Paul-Jean Coulier developed a method to transfer latent fingerprints on surfaces to paper using iodine fuming. It allowed the London Scotland Yard to start fingerprinting individuals and identify criminals using fingerprints in Soon after, American police departments adopted the same method and fingerprint identification became a standard practice in the United States.

Alphonse Bertillon identified the thief and murderer Scheffer, who had previously been arrested and his fingerprints filed some months before, from the fingerprints found on a fractured glass showcase, after a theft in a dentist's apartment where the dentist's employee was found dead.

It was able to be proved in court that the fingerprints had been made after the showcase was broken. The identification of individuals through fingerprints for law enforcement has been considered essential in the United States since the beginning of the 20th century. Body identification using fingerprints has also been valuable in the aftermath of natural disasters and anthropogenic hazards.

US Visit currently holds a repository of the fingerprints of over 50 million non-US citizens, primarily in the form of two-finger records.

In , Edmond Locard established the first forensic lab in France. However, the gloves themselves can leave prints that are as unique as human fingerprints. After collecting glove prints , Digital Tape Measure Canadian Tire Youtube law enforcement can match them to gloves that they have collected as evidence or to prints collected at other crime scenes. The non-governmental organization NGO Privacy International in made the cautionary announcement that tens of thousands of UK school children were being fingerprinted by schools, often without the knowledge or consent of their parents.

Parents opposed to fingerprinting may bring only individual complaints against schools. In March , the UK government was considering fingerprinting all children aged 11 to 15 and adding the prints to a government database as part of a new passport and ID card scheme and disallowing opposition for privacy concerns. All fingerprints taken would be cross-checked against prints from , unsolved crimes.

Shadow Home secretary David Davis called the plan "sinister". The Liberal Democrat home affairs spokesman Nick Clegg criticised "the determination to build a surveillance state behind the backs of the British people". Serious concerns about the security implications of using conventional biometric templates in schools have been raised by a number of leading IT security experts, [65] one of whom has voiced the opinion that "it is absolutely premature to begin using 'conventional biometrics' in schools".

One education specialist wrote in "I have not been able to find a single piece of published research which suggests that the use of biometrics in schools promotes healthy eating or improves reading skills amongst children There is absolutely no evidence for such claims".

The Ottawa Police in Canada have advised parents who fear their children may be kidnapped, to fingerprint their children. Since electronic fingerprint readers have been introduced as consumer electronics security applications. Fingerprint sensors could be used for login authentication and the identification of computer users.

However, some less sophisticated sensors have been discovered to be vulnerable to quite simple methods of deception, such as fake fingerprints cast in gels. In , fingerprint sensors gained popularity in the laptop market. Two of the first smartphone manufacturers to integrate fingerprint recognition into their phones were Motorola with the Atrix 4G in and Apple with the iPhone 5S on September 10, In April , Samsung released the Galaxy S5 , which integrated a fingerprint sensor on the home button.

Following the release of the iPhone 5S model, a group of German hackers announced on September 21, , that they had bypassed Apple's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image as verification.

The spokesman for the group stated: "We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics. It is plain stupid to use something that you can't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token. The use of the Touch ID fingerprint scanner was optional and could be configured to unlock the screen or pay for mobile apps purchases.

A very rare medical condition, adermatoglyphia , is characterized by the absence of fingerprints. Affected persons have completely smooth fingertips, palms, toes and soles, but no other medical signs or symptoms. People with Naegeli—Franceschetti—Jadassohn syndrome and dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis , which are both forms of ectodermal dysplasia , also have no fingerprints. Both of these rare genetic syndromes produce other signs and symptoms as well, such as thin, brittle hair. The anti-cancer medication capecitabine may cause the loss of fingerprints.

Since the elasticity of skin decreases with age, many senior citizens have fingerprints that are difficult to capture. The ridges get thicker; the height between the top of the ridge and the bottom of the furrow gets narrow, so there is less prominence. Fingerprints can be erased permanently and this can potentially be used by criminals to reduce their chance of conviction.

Erasure can be achieved in a variety of ways including simply burning the fingertips, using acids and advanced techniques such as plastic surgery. Fingerprints can be captured as graphical ridge and valley patterns. Because of their uniqueness and permanence, fingerprints emerged as the most widely used biometric identifier in the s.

Automated fingerprint verification systems were developed to meet the needs of law enforcement and their use became more widespread in civilian applications. Despite being deployed more widely, reliable automated fingerprint verification remained a challenge and was extensively researched in the context of pattern recognition and image processing. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be established by the overall pattern of ridges and valleys, or the logical ridge discontinuities known as minutiae.

In the s minutiae features were considered the most discriminating and reliable feature of a fingerprint. Therefore, the recognition of minutiae features became the most common basis for automated fingerprint verification.

The most widely used minutiae features used for automated fingerprint verification were the ridge ending and the ridge bifurcation. Scientists have found that family members often share the same general fingerprint patterns, leading to the belief that these patterns are inherited.

Features of fingerprint ridges, called minutiae , include: [90]. A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan. This live scan is digitally processed to create a biometric template a collection of extracted features which is stored and used for matching.

Many technologies have been used including optical , capacitive , RF , thermal, piezoresistive , ultrasonic , piezoelectric , and MEMS. Videos have become a pronounced way of identifying information.

There are features in videos that look at how intense certain parts of a frame are compared to others which help with identification. Matching algorithms are used to compare previously stored templates of fingerprints against candidate fingerprints for authentication purposes. In order to do this either the original image must be directly compared with the candidate image or certain features must be compared. Pre-processing helped enhancing the quality of an image by filtering and removing unnecessary noises.

The minutiae-based algorithm worked effectively only in 8-bit gray scale fingerprint images. A reason was that an 8-bit gray fingerprint image was a fundamental base to convert the image to 1-bit image with value 0 for ridges and value 1 for furrows. As a result, the ridges were highlighted with black color while the furrows were highlighted with white color. This process partly removed some noises in an image and helped enhance the edge detection. Furthermore, there are two more steps to improve the best quality for the input image: minutiae extraction and false minutiae removal.

The minutiae extraction was carried out by applying ridge thinning algorithm which was to remove redundant pixels of ridges. As a result, the thinned ridges of the fingerprint image are marked with a unique ID so that further operation can be conducted.

After the minutiae extraction step, the false minutiae removal was also necessary. The lack of the amount of ink and the cross link among the ridges could cause false minutiae that led to inaccuracy in fingerprint recognition process. Pattern based algorithms compare the basic fingerprint patterns arch, whorl, and loop between a previously stored template and a candidate fingerprint. This requires that the images can be aligned in the same orientation. To do this, the algorithm finds a central point in the fingerprint image and centers on that.

In a pattern-based algorithm, the template contains the type, size, and orientation of patterns within the aligned fingerprint image. The candidate fingerprint image is graphically compared with the template to determine the degree to which they match. Some other animals have evolved their own unique prints, especially those whose lifestyle involves climbing or grasping wet objects; these include many primates , such as gorillas and chimpanzees, Australian koalas , and aquatic mammal species such as the North American fisher.

Mark Twain 's memoir Life on the Mississippi , notable mainly for its account of the author's time on the river, also recounts parts of his later life, and includes tall tales and stories allegedly told to him. Among them is an involved, melodramatic account of a murder in which the killer is identified by a thumbprint.

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